In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Essential Oils and Functional Extracts Against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Abstract

In this study, hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oils (EOs) from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and co-hydrodistillation (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction co-solvents) was used to obtain functional extracts (FEs). Antifungal activity of EOs and FEs was evaluated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. The results showed that pepper (Piper nigrum) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oils and their functional extracts are effective in vitro at concentrations from 400 to 500 ppm after 10 days of culturing. The essential oils and functional extracts were used on tomato fruit samples at three different concentrations: 350, 400, and 450 ppm5. Clove essential oil reduced the growth of Aspergillus niger from 50% to 70% and Fusarium oxysporum to 40%. The functional extracts (FEs) of clove and pepper, mixed with ethyl decanoate (FEs-C10), were the best combination for protecting the tomato fruit in vivo against both phytopathogenic fungi. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil and limonene, sabinene, and β-caryophyllene in pepper oil.

Antibacterial Activity of Clove Oil against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria and Sensory Attributes in Clove Oil-Enriched Dairy Products: A Preliminary Study

“…According to Puškárová et al [7], antimicrobial activity of clove essential oil was demonstrated against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fragi, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and so on [2,4,5,7,9]. Also clove essential oil exhibited the antifungal effects against Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosoprium cladosporoides, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and so on [5][6][7][8][9]. Also, according to report of Chaieb et al [15], the biological function of clove essential oil had the ability to control foodborne pathogenic bacteria, parasites, Herpes simplex and hepatitis C virus, and so on [15].…”

“…Especially, the clove essential oil was generally extracted from the dry floral bud of the clove tree, and has various biofunctional activities on account of the presence of eugenol (C 10 H 12 O 2 ) and other phenolic compounds [4]. For example, clove coil could act as a bactericidal activity against various foodborne pathogens and as an antifungal activity against Candida, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and so on [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. Also clove oil would have the anti-free radical and metal chelating function [4].…”

Natural Products from Medicinal Plants against Phytopathogenic Fusarium Species: Current Research Endeavours, Challenges and Prospects

“…It is desirable that the assays also determine the potential fungicidal effect of the extracts and/or compounds. Many plant extracts have demonstrated potent antifungal activity (with MIC values below 1.0 mg/mL) using in vitro assays (Table 2), but only a few were tested in vivo [130,[222][223][224][225][226][227]. The potent in vitro antifungal activity of Melia azedarach, Combretum erythrophyllum and Quercus acutissima leaf extracts [130] were confirmed in vivo.…”

Agri‐Food Extracts Effectiveness in Improving Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Face Masks: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study

“…From a number of studies developed in recent years, the potential pharmacological activity of polyphenols emerged [3–9] . In particular, oleuropein [10] and its derivatives tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, [11] extracted from olive leaves show antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐atherogenic, anti‐cancer activities, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect, as well as eugenol, the main component of clove buds (family Myrtaceae , Eugenia caryophyllus ) [12–18] . A study showed that eugenol inhibits the replication of influenza A virus by interfering with the ERK, p38MAPK and IKK/NF‐κB signal pathways [19]…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In particular, oleuropein [10] and its derivatives tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, [11] extracted from olive leaves show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer activities, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect, as well as eugenol, the main component of clove buds (family Myrtaceae, Eugenia caryophyllus). [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] A study showed that eugenol inhibits the replication of influenza A virus by interfering with the ERK, p38MAPK and IKK/NF-kB signal pathways. [19] Various studies in the last ten years have also investigated the antiviral activity of tea polyphenols focusing on in silico and in vitro activity of epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin, gallocatechin-3-gallate, gallocatechin, catechin gallate and catechin against SARS-CoV-2 main protease.…”