In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of an immune activation Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide based on gut microbiota regulation

Abstract

Flammulina velutipes contains bioactive polysaccharides that can activate the immune system. Here we report the functional characterization in an immunomodulatory F. velutipes polysaccharide (FVP) both in vitro and in vivo. In cell experiment, FVP was discovered to be an activator to induce the M1polarization of the RAW 264.7 cells. In animal experiment, FVP was found to raise the gene expression of IL-1β, iNOS and ZO-1 in mice colon tissue. Moreover, it seemed to achieve the immune regulative function by raising the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium. Gut microbiota also caused the body's functional changes, enriched the harmful chemicals' degradation ability and weakened the metabolism of carbohydrates. These findings suggest that FVP is an immunomodulatory polysaccharide that can boost cellular immune responses and a potential prebiotic agent in regulating gut microbiota.

The Effect of Flammulina velutipes Polysaccharide on Immunization Analyzed by Intestinal Flora and Proteomics

“…Liang obtained two polysaccharides CHFVP-1 (24.44 kDa) and CHFVP-2 (1,497 kDa) from F. velutipes and found that CHFVP-1 had procoagulant activity in vitro (12). A review of the literature shows that F. velutipes polysaccharides can modulate the intestinal microbiota of healthy mice and has potential immunomodulatory abilities (13,14). However, the target proteins of immunomodulatory effects of this biologically active polysaccharide in immunocompromised mice remains to be investigated.…”

Influence of a Biotechnologically Produced Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) on the Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites in Obese Zucker Rats

“…Species from the genus Akkermansia are often regarded as the gatekeepers of the intestinal mucosa and are known to assist the host against obesity and to improve intestinal health and host immunity. 40 Administration of mushroom polysaccharides from G. lucidum to mice fed a high-fat diet 32 and Flammulina velutipes to mice fed a standard diet 41 has been shown to increase the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestine of these mice, which, in turn, positively regulated their immunity. Surprisingly, instead of restoring the relative abundance of the genus Akkermansia, P. sajor-caju supplementation reduced its population further, even though liver steatosis and inflammation in these rats was significantly reduced.…”

“…Administration of mushroom polysaccharides from G. lucidum to mice fed a high-fat diet and Flammulina velutipes to mice fed a standard diet has been shown to increase the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestine of these mice, which, in turn, positively regulated their immunity. Surprisingly, instead of restoring the relative abundance of the genus Akkermansia, P.…”