<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> indications of the carcinogenicity and toxicity of food dyes

Price, Paul J.; Suk, William A.; Freeman, Aaron E.; Lane, William T.; Peters, Robert L.; Vernon, Mina Lee; Huebner, Robert J.

doi:10.1002/ijc.2910210318

Cited by 59 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of the colour in suckling hamsters (no detail on amount of injections) did not increase mortality or tumour incidence over a period of 330 days (Price et al, 1978).…”

Section: Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive

Publication¹

2009

EFSA Journal

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110). Sunset Yellow FCF has been previously evaluated by JECFA and the SCF. Both committees established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-2.5 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations, additional literature that became available since then and the data available following a public call for data. New studies included studies by Mathur et al. reporting significant effects on the testes in rats exposed for 90 days to 250 and 1500 mg Sunset Yellow FCF/kg bw/day. The Panel notes that the Sunset Yellow FCF administered in these studies was obtained at the local market and that its specifications or purity were not defined. The Panel also notes that the 90 day rat study used by JECFA to derive the ADI also reported effects on testes weight, occurring without accompanying histological changes, although sperm morphology and sperm mobility were not analysed. The Panel concludes that these findings do give reason for re-definition of the ADI. The Panel decided to reduce the ADI, by an extra uncertainty factor of 2.5, to 1 mg/kg bw/day and to make the ADI temporary for 2 years. Within this period, clarification of the effects of Sunset Yellow FCF on the testis, sperm morphology and sperm mobility should be provided, based on a 28-day study performed according to the recently updated OECD test guideline 407. The Panel concludes that at the maximum reported levels of use of Sunset Yellow FCF, refined intake estimates are generally below the temporary ADI of 1 mg/kg bw/day, although in 1-to10-year old children the mean and the high percentiles of exposure (95 th /97.5 th ) can be higher than this ADI, at the upper end of the range.

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Section: Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive

Publication¹

2009

EFSA Journal

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“…21 Green 3 was also positive for mutagenicity in a Fischer rat embryo cell transformation assay. 127 That particular assay tests for malignant cell transformation, an indicator of carcinogenic potential. Green 3 was positive at 1 mg/ml but, surprisingly, produced negative results at higher concentrations.…”

Section: Genotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology of food dyes

Kobylewski

Jacobson

2012

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

215

107

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This review finds that all of the nine currently US-approved dyes raise health concerns of varying degrees. Red 3 causes cancer in animals, and there is evidence that several other dyes also are carcinogenic. Three dyes (Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) have been found to be contaminated with benzidine or other carcinogens. At least four dyes (Blue 1, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) cause hypersensitivity reactions. Numerous microbiological and rodent studies of Yellow 5 were positive for genotoxicity. Toxicity tests on two dyes (Citrus Red 2 and Orange B) also suggest safety concerns, but Citrus Red 2 is used at low levels and only on some Florida oranges and Orange B has not been used for several years. The inadequacy of much of the testing and the evidence for carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and hypersensitivity, coupled with the fact that dyes do not improve the safety or nutritional quality of foods, indicates that all of the currently used dyes should be removed from the food supply and replaced, if at all, by safer colorings. It is recommended that regulatory authorities require better and independent toxicity testing, exercise greater caution regarding continued approval of these dyes, and in the future approve only well-tested, safe dyes.

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“…They also administered up to 900 mg erythrosin B per kilogram body weight by oral intubation. Price et al (1978) reported that erythrosin B was not carcinogenic on the basis of an inability to transform cultured rat embryo cells. Butterworth et al (1976b) fed pigs for 14 weeks on diets containing 167, 500, or 1500 mg per kilogram body weight daily.…”

Section: A Nontarget Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthene Dyes as Pesticides

Heitz¹

1982

Insecticide Mode of Action

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In vitro and in vivo indications of the carcinogenicity and toxicity of food dyes

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive

Toxicology of food dyes

Xanthene Dyes as Pesticides

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