The ability of the clinician to bond restorative materials to enamel has been an important achievement of modern dentistry.A variety of restorative materials that rely on enamel bonding are now available to the clinician. These materials include resin composites, compomers, hybrid ionomers, and glass ionomers.In this chapter, in vitro bond testing is discussed as well as the effects of variables that affect bond strength to enamel. From a clinical perspective, retention rates of materials bonded to enamel is discussed, with examples from studies of porcelain veneers, pit-and-fissure sealants and orthodontic bonding.
Measurement of Bond Strength;;In vitro measurements of debonding force and bond strength are important in characterizing the bonding potential of new adhesives and restorative materials to enamel. The first goal of bond testing is to measure the force of debonding relative to a bonded area. The second goal is to observe the location of the bond failure.
Debonding Force;;The debonding force is measured in units of newtons (N), kilograms (kg), or pounds (lb). This force must then be related to the nominal area of bonding. Typically, diameters of bonded specimens reported in the research literature vary from 1 to 4.5 mm, representing bonded areas of 0.8-15.9 mm 2 . In general, specimens tested with smaller bonded areas result in higher values of bond strength.
Bond Strength;;Bond strength, which is the force of debonding divided by the nominal area of the bonded interface, is commonly reported in the literature in units of megapascals (MPa), kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm 2 ), and pounds per square inch (lb/in 2 or psi).