In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Cadmium from Water and Soil into Human Skin

Dermal absorption of environmental contaminants from soil and sediment: a critical review

“…Use of soils with unrealistic particle size ranges is commonly reported. Clearly, Wester et al (1990Wester et al ( , 1992aWester et al ( , b 1993aWester et al ( , b, c, 1995Wester et al ( , 1996 and Poet et al (2000aPoet et al ( , b, 2002 removed the fine fraction of their soils, and it appears the Skowronski and colleagues did as well (Skowronski et al, , 1989(Skowronski et al, , 1990(Skowronski et al, , 2000Abdel-Rahman et al, 1989, 2002Turkall et al, 1994;Kadry et al, 1995).…”

“…Samples of the receptor fluid were taken at hours 1, 3, 5, 7, 24, 48, 72, and 96, and these were analyzed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Wester et al (1990Wester et al ( , 1992aWester et al ( , b, 1993aWester et al ( , b, c, 1995Wester et al ( , 1996 All the Wester et al studies were conducted using a single soil, described as having an organic carbon content of 0.9%. (It was not reported whether that organic carbon content was assessed before or after sieving.)…”

“…In much of the reviewed literature there is no description of soil-chemical contact time (i.e., aging) before skin exposure (e.g., Wester et al, 1990Wester et al, , 1992aWester et al, , b, 1993aWester et al, , b, c, 1995Wester et al, , 1996Poet et al, 2000a, b;Qiao et al, 1997;Qiao and Riviere, 2000). Although failure to provide information does not preclude the possibility that experiments were conducted appropriately, it does strongly suggest that these researchers did not consider soil-chemical contact time before exposure to be an important experimental variable.…”

“…In vitro Abdel-Rahman et al (1997; Skowronski et al (2000); inorganics Abdel-Rahman et al (2004) In vitro Yang et al (1989); Roy et al (1990a); USEPA (1991) In vivo et al (1989); Roy et al (1990a, b); Wester et al (1990Wester et al ( , 1992bWester et al ( , 1993bWester et al ( , c, 1996; organics Wester et al (1990Wester et al ( , 1992bWester et al ( , 1993bWester et al ( , c, 1996; organics Wester et al (1992aWester et al ( , 1993aWester et al ( , 1995; inorganics In vitro | Methods not described sufficiently enough to determine if continuous contact was assured. e Though it is not stated explicitly, it appears that soil particles less than 50 mm were discarded.…”

Dermal Exposure to Environmental Contaminants in the Great Lakes

“…In vitro skin absorption of organolead, inorganic lead, and lead salt with human skin and in vivo absorption with guinea pigs has also been discussed (42). Wester et al (5) recently reported that cadmium applied as the chloride salt was dermally absorbed from both water and soil following in vitro tests with human cadaver skin. Wester et al (5) (47,48) observed that B[a]P could be metabolized in the skin of mice and rats and that it was metabolized by cutaneous aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) enzymes in humans.…”