“…Therefore, in vitro concentration-response data must be converted to in vivo dose-responses from which a PoD may be derived in order to have any utility in human safety testing of chemicals. The term quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) is used to describe efforts addressing this problem (Bale et al, 2014 ; Hartung, 2017 ) and the use of PBPK 1 modeling-based reverse dosimetry for the translation of in vitro to in vivo responses represents a significant part of the solution (Louisse et al, 2012 , 2016 ; Bessems and Geraets, 2013 ; Coecke et al, 2013 ; Strikwold et al, 2013 , 2017a , b ; Bessems et al, 2014 ; McNally and Loizou, 2015 ; Boonpawa et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2017 ; Punt et al, 2017 ).…”