<i>In vivo</i>confocal microscopy of brachycephalic dogs with and without superficial corneal pigment

Vallone, Lucien V.; Enders, Andrew M.; Mohammed, Hussni O.; Ledbetter, Eric C.

doi:10.1111/vop.12416

Cited by 22 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Pigmentary keratitis is a term used to describe the development of corneal pigmentation associated with chronic inflammation [1]. If PK encroaches upon the visual axis, it can cause significant visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness [2, 3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If PK encroaches upon the visual axis, it can cause significant visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness [2, 3]. Pigmentary keratitis occurs due to centripetal migration of melanocytes from the limbal and perilimbal region and subsequent deposition of melanocytic pigment within the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma [1, 3–6]. Corneal pigmentation is also frequently reported as a feature of inflammatory corneal pathology, such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), chronic superficial keratitis (pannus) and chronic, ulcerative/nonulcerative keratitis [2, 7–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pigmentary keratitis in pugs in the United Kingdom: prevalence and associated features

et al. 2019

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BackgroundPigmentary keratitis (PK) is commonly recognised in Pugs, but its aetiology is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated features of PK in Pugs in the United Kingdom (UK).ResultsA total of 210 Pugs (420 eyes) were recruited from 12 UK dog shows and social events. The median age of Pugs recruited was 2.50 years (range 0.25–16.25 years). Pigmentary keratitis was detected in 369/420 (87.8%) eyes and in at least one eye 193/210 (91.9%) Pugs, of which 17/193 (8.8%) were affected unilaterally and 176/193 (91.2%) bilaterally. Pigmentary keratitis was typically mild to moderate (46.3 and 49.9% of eyes, respectively). Detection of PK was significantly associated with increased age (P = 0.002) and the presence of medial entropion of the lower eyelid (MELE) (P = 0.001). Severity of PK was significantly associated with the grade of MELE (P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between the presence of limbal pigment and PK (P = 0.036) that warrants further study.ConclusionsThis study estimated a high disease prevalence of PK in UK Pugs, and demonstrated significant associations with age and the presence of MELE. These associations, which have not been previously reported, offer an insight into the underlying pathophysiology of this condition in Pugs. The results encourage further population research, such as prospective longitudinal studies. These findings also support the development of clinical and breeding strategies based on the reduction of MELE and, possibly, limbal pigment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigmentary keratitis in pugs in the United Kingdom: prevalence and associated features

et al. 2019

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“…LSCD is characterized on in vivo confocal microscopy by corneal vascularization and conjunctival goblet cell invasion (conjunctivalization). Although Vallone et al (21) did not find conjunctival goblet cell invasion, their observations suggest a basal epithelial expansion and centripetal migration of pigment, vessels, and leukocytes to the axial cornea in pugs with keratitis pigmentosa rather than a traditional stem cell deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Previous studies consider limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) as a possible cause for corneal disease in pugs (13,21). LSCD is characterized on in vivo confocal microscopy by corneal vascularization and conjunctival goblet cell invasion (conjunctivalization).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear film examinations and eyelid histology of pugs

Krecny¹,

Witter²,

Tichy³

et al. 2018

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K

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Summary Objectives: To determine if qualitative tear film and histological changes of the eyelid margins in pugs compared to other brachycephalic dogs could be potential contributing factors to the high prevalence of corneal diseases in this breed. Methods: Ophthalmic examin ation (including tear film break-up time [TFBUT] and meibometry) was undertaken on three groups (pugs with and without ophthalmologic abnormalities as well as on other brachycephalic breeds with history of ophthalmologic abnormalities). Histology of eyelid tissue obtained during medial canthoplasty was performed, using hematoxylin-eosin and oil-red-O-staining. Results: Seventy-eight pugs and 11 brachycephalic dogs were included. Mean ages were 3.54 and 5.5 years respectively. STT 1 values below 15 mm/min were found in 12 of 150 eyes of pugs and in three of 18 eyes of other brachycephalic dogs. Tear film break-up time values below 20 seconds were determined in 118 of 126 eyes of pugs, and in eight of 18 eyes of other brachycephalic dogs. Meibometry values over 100 MU were only identified in 20 of 147 eyes of pugs and 12 of 20 eyes in other brachycephalic dogs. Eyelid tissue of 21 pugs and 11 brachycephalic dogs was obtained. All pugs had a higher number of inflammatory cells in eyelid tissue than other brachycephalic breeds. Conclusions: Young pugs are often presented with STT 1 values within the reference range and low TFBUT and meibometry values. As other brachycephalic breeds are often presented with STT 1 values within reference ranges as well as low TFBUT values, the only marked difference between pugs and other brachycephalic breeds are low meibometry values and the higher number of inflammatory cells in the medial canthal lid margins.

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“…In vivo confocal microscopy has been recently proposed for the detection and/or monitoring of a variety of ocular conditions in veterinary patients, including but not limited to fungal keratitis, corneal foreign bodies, and pigmentary keratitis . The system utilizes an illumination and observation system with a common focal point, suppressing reflected light originating from outside the field of observation, so that only light reflected from the focal plane contributes to image formation .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivoconfocal microscopy for detection of subconjunctivalOnchocerca lupiinfection in a dog

Edelmann

Jager

Espinheira

et al. 2017

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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A seven-year-old male castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with bilateral subconjunctival masses. In vivo confocal microscopy facilitated visualization of Onchocerca lupi adult nematodes and their characteristic cuticular morphology. Long, thin, white nematodes were extracted during excisional biopsy. Histopathologic and parasitologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of O. lupi. In addition to surgical debulking of the parasitic granulomas, the dog received systemic doxycycline, prednisone, and ivermectin therapy. In vivo confocal microscopy was repeated one year after initial diagnosis, and no remaining nematodes were visible. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of use of in vivo confocal microscopy as a noninvasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for canine onchocerciasis.

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In vivoconfocal microscopy of brachycephalic dogs with and without superficial corneal pigment

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Pigmentary keratitis in pugs in the United Kingdom: prevalence and associated features

Pigmentary keratitis in pugs in the United Kingdom: prevalence and associated features

Tear film examinations and eyelid histology of pugs

In vivoconfocal microscopy for detection of subconjunctivalOnchocerca lupiinfection in a dog

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