<i>In vivo</i>X-ray fluorescence estimation of bone lead concentrations in Queensland adults

Price, John; Baddeley, H.; Kenardy, J. A.; Thomas, Brian; Thomas, B. W.

doi:10.1259/0007-1285-57-673-29

Cited by 44 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The first XRF measurements of bone-Pb were reported by Ahlgren et al (1976), and the technique was later further improved and calibrated (Ahlgren and Mattsson 1979;Ahlgren et al 1980). The method was extensively used by Christoffersson et al (1984Christoffersson et al ( , 1986, Price et al (1984Price et al ( , 1992, Nilsson et al (1991) and Schu¨tz et al (1987a, b). In addition, the technique has also been used to follow the effect of chelation on bone-Pb in lead workers (Sokas et al 1990;Tell et al 1992).…”

Section: In Vivo Monitoring Of Bone-pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo measurements of lead in fingerbone in active and retired lead smelters

Börjesson

Gerhardsson

Schütz

et al. 1996

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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The high bone-Pb seen in retired workers can be explained by the long exposure periods, the higher exposure levels in earlier decades, and the slow excretion of lead accumulated in bone. The importance of the skeletal lead pool as an endogenous source of lead exposure in retired smelters was indicated by the associations between the B-Pb or U-Pb, on the one hand, and the bone-Pb, on the other. In active workers, the ongoing occupational exposure was dominant. The in vivo X-ray fluorescence technique is still mainly a research tool, and more work has to be done before it can be used more widely in clinical practice. However, over the next decade we can anticipate retrospective, prospective and cross-sectional epidemiological studies in which bone lead determinations reflecting the previous lead exposure in both occupationally and nonoccupationally lead exposed populations are related to various types of adverse health outcomes. Such studies will improve our knowledge of dose-response patterns and provide data that will have an impact on hygienic threshold limit values and prevention of lead-induced diseases.

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Section: In Vivo Monitoring Of Bone-pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo measurements of lead in fingerbone in active and retired lead smelters

Börjesson

Gerhardsson

Schütz

et al. 1996

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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“…The first to do so were Ahlgren and co-workers,45 who measured the lead K. x ray emission (at 75 0 and 72-8 keV for K., and K a2 respectively) from lead in finger bones, and who determined bone mineral content using a measurement of the ratio of the coherently scattered gamma rays to those Compton scattered, a reliable technique that has been used independently to measure bone mineral.6 A similar approach was used by Price et al, both groups using a 57Co source, having gamma rays at 122 and 136 keV. 7 Wielopolski et al, on the other hand, used different gamma ray sources in their measurements of the L xray intensities in tibia8; the energies of these xrays are 10-5 keV (L.) and 12 5 keV (LOS). As was noted by Wieloposki, the increased attenuation of these low energy photons compared with the K xrays means that, effectively, only the first 03 mm layer of the bone surface is sampled.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo tibia lead measurements as an index of cumulative exposure in occupationally exposed subjects.

Somervaille

Chettle²,

Scott³

et al. 1988

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

111

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In vivo tibia lead measurements of 20 non-occupationally exposed and 190 occupationally exposed people drawn from three factories were made using a non-invasive x ray fluorescence technique in which characteristic x rays from lead are excited by gamma rays from a cadmium-109 source. The maximum skin dose to a small region of the shin was 0-45 mSv. The relation between tibia lead and blood lead was weak in workers from one factory (r = 0 11, p > 0.6) and among the non-occupationally exposed subjects (r = 0 07, p > 0 7); however, a stronger relation was observed in the other two factories (r = 0 45, p < 0 0001 and r = 0 53, p < 0-0001). Correlation coefficients between tibia lead and duration of employment were consistently higher at all three factories respectively (r = 0-86, p < 0-0001; r = 0-61, p < 0-0001; r = 0 80, p < 0 0001). A strong relation was observed between tibia lead and a simple, time integrated, blood lead index among workers from the two factories from which blood lead histories were available. The regression equation from two groups of workers (n = 88, 79) did not significantly differ despite different exposure conditions. The correlation coefficient for the combined data set (n = 167) was 0-84 (p < 0-0001). This shows clearly that tibia lead, measured in vivo by x ray fluorescence, provides a good indicator of long term exposure to lead as assessed by a cumulative blood lead index.As a consequence of the well established toxicity of lead, workers occupationally exposed to it in the United Kingdom and other industrialised countries are subjected to regular monitoring of blood lead concentrations. In In vivo tibia lead measurements as an index ofcumulative exposure in occupationally exposed subjects is relatively stable, as with the tibia, it is feasible to normalise per mass of wet bone. The relation between wet bone mass and bone mineral in trabecular bone, however, is less well defined and changes with, among other things, age, particularly in women. Because our technique normalises to the gamma rays coherently scattered from both calcium and phosphorus, the most logical normalisation is therefore to the bone mineral mass. This is equivalent to quoting the lead content per mass of bone ash, a unit that is widely used for in vitro analysis. A possible alternative, particularly for those making biopsy measurements using atomic absorption spectrometry, is to normalise to the calcium content: however, the relation between the two procedures is readily established assuming bone mineral to consist of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(P04)6(OH)2). As our measurement programme is being extended to include trabecular bone we have therefore chosen to normalise to bone mineral mass throughout.x Ray fluorescence, which involves stimulation of characteristic x ray emission from the element of interest using a beam of photons, has been used by several groups to measure bone lead. The first to do so were Ahlgren and co-workers,45 who measured the lead K. x ray emission (at 75 0 and 72-8 keV for K., and...

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“…This technique was adopted elsewhere, but only in a few laboratories [14,15]. Subsequently, Laird et al proposed the use of the 88 keV γ -rays from 109 Cd to excite the Pb K X-rays [16] and a full working system was characterized and demonstrated in human subjects by Somervaille et al [17].…”

Section: Bone Lead Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

Chettle

2011

Pramana - J Phys

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X-ray fluorescence has been used to measure several elements noninvasively within living human subjects. Some description is given of the constraints imposed by this rather unusual form of analysis together with a brief listing indicating the range of elements for which such analyses have been developed. Measurements of two elements are then presented in more detail. Lead is measured in bone and has become a well-established tool in continuing research into the long term effects of lead. Strontium is also measured in bone and, although presently not in widespread use, offers the potential for essential information in the study of the reported benefits of strontium supplementation.

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In vivoX-ray fluorescence estimation of bone lead concentrations in Queensland adults

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

In vivo measurements of lead in fingerbone in active and retired lead smelters

In vivo measurements of lead in fingerbone in active and retired lead smelters

In vivo tibia lead measurements as an index of cumulative exposure in occupationally exposed subjects.

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

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