I. Introduction and general methods

Ball, R. S.; Brougham, R. W.; Brock, J. L.; Crush, J. R.; Höglund, Johan; Carran, R. A.

doi:10.1080/03015521.1979.10426151

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A series of papers in 1979 assessed this N fixation (e.g., Ball et al 1979), and these data have been extrapolated to the land classes of New Zealand, to obtain a national figure for N fixation by pasture legumes. Early estimates of N fixation by clovers were 1000 Gg (Syers 1982;Ball and Field 1985) and 1570 Gg (Caradus et al 1996).…”

Section: Inputs Of Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales

et al. 2006

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The Nanjing Declaration on Nitrogen Management, signed in Nanjing in October 2004, calls for national governments to optimize N management by several strategies including assessment of N cycles. Here we develop a first N budget for New Zealand (267,000 km 2 ), at both national and regional scales. The national inputs are estimated to be 36.5 kg/ha, mainly from biological N fixation, but also increasingly from fertilizer application and atmospheric deposition. The outputs are estimated at 40.5 kg/ha. Biological N fixation from legumes in pasture was the most important input in most regions. Exceptions were Auckland, with a large urban population, and the West Coast of the South Island, with large tracts of rain forest. Outputs were distributed in the order leaching>ammonia volatilisation>erosion=produce=denitrification. These outputs are very different from global averages because of the large numbers of grazing animals on pasture. A large loss occurs between the subsoil and the oceans, and further research is needed to identify these pathways. Riverine export of N was generally well correlated with inputs.

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Section: Inputs Of Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales

et al. 2006

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“…In New Zealand, where nitrogen (N) fertiliser use is low, clover, through N fixation, is the main source of N (Ball et al 1979;Steele 1982). Presence of clover in swards also results in improved forage quality since white clover is high in protein and minerals, low in structural fibre, and, unlike grass, maintains a high level of digestibility as it matures (Thomson 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White clover growth and morphology in dairy pasture in the Waikato region of northern New Zealand

Harris¹

1994

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Seasonal changes in clover plant growth and structure in a Waikato dairy pasture were monitored over 1 year. Pasture plugs and clover plants separated from turves were removed from paddocks before grazing. They provided data on clover plant density, total stolon biomass, vertical distribution of stolons in the sward, and various morphological characteristics. Plant density averaged 610 plants/m 2 which was higher than that recorded in a comparable study of Manawatu sheepgrazed pastures. Stolon biomass was also greater in the dairy pasture; most of this stolon was on the soil surface (58%) whereas in sheep-grazed pastures most was buried. The proportion of stolon within each class varied throughout the year. Clover plants fragmented during spring as was shown for Manawatu sheep pastures. Plant density therefore peaked during spring while values for plant morphological characteristics were low since most of the clover population comprised small, 1 st-order plants. Overall, clover plants in Waikato dairy pastures were larger than those in Manawatu sheepgrazed swards. These differences probably resulted from interactions between several factors including cultivar, climate, soil type, companion species, farm management, and grazing effects.

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“…Past studies have emphasised N fixation (Ball et al 1979), the mineralisation of N in soil organic matter (Paul Received 2 June 1983;revision 4 August 1983& Juma 1981, the fate of N applied to the soil (Allison 1966), and the return of herbage N ingested by herbivores (F1oate 1981).…”

Section: Introducfionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen cycling through senescent leaves and litter in swards of Ruanui and Nui ryegrass with high and low nitrogen inputs

Hunt

1983

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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I. Introduction and general methods

Cited by 31 publications

References 17 publications

Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales

Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales

White clover growth and morphology in dairy pasture in the Waikato region of northern New Zealand

Nitrogen cycling through senescent leaves and litter in swards of Ruanui and Nui ryegrass with high and low nitrogen inputs

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