“…The governments of Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay, and Río de la Plata introduced free womb CHIRA -5 of 11 laws, which declared that the children born of enslaved mothers after a certain year, variable by republic, would be free upon reaching the age of majority (which ranged from 16 to 24; Andrews, 1980;Blanchard, 1992;Helg, 2004;Hünefeldt, 1994;Lohse, 2001;Lombardi, 1971;Washbrook, 2018). Such children were known as libertos and were subjected to work requirements akin to slavery-they were even traded, and some enslavers sought to make their status transmittable from one generation to the next (Alberto, 2019). Through these gradual emancipation laws, governments also created manumission juntas, institutions whose small and ineffective budgets were used to pay for the freedom of some, very few, "deserving" enslaved people.…”