<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i><scp>l</scp>‐forms respond to cell wall deficiency by modifying gene expression and the mode of division

Dell'Era, Simone; Buchrieser, Carmen; Couvé, Elisabeth; Schnell, Barbara; Briers, Yves; Schuppler, Markus; Loessner, Martin J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06774.x

Cited by 61 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The lysozyme treatment is simple and transient and leaves most cells viable, and the resulting spheroplasts are similar to wild-type cells in size. Other model systems (e.g., ␤-lactam treatment) produce cells that are 4 to 30 times larger (61)(62)(63) and are therefore less useful for examining morphological recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rcs Stress Response and Accessory Envelope Proteins Are Required for De Novo Generation of Cell Shape in Escherichia coli

Ranjit

Young

2013

J Bacteriol

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Interactions with immune responses or exposure to certain antibiotics can remove the peptidoglycan wall of many Gram-negative bacteria. Though the spheroplasts thus created usually lyse, some may survive by resynthesizing their walls and shapes. Normally, bacterial morphology is generated by synthetic complexes directed by FtsZ and MreBCD or their homologues, but whether these classic systems can recreate morphology in the absence of a preexisting template is unknown. To address this question, we treated Escherichia coli with lysozyme to remove the peptidoglycan wall while leaving intact the inner and outer membranes and periplasm. The resulting lysozyme-induced (LI) spheroplasts recovered a rod shape after four to six generations. Recovery proceeded via a series of cell divisions that produced misshapen and branched intermediates before later progeny assumed a normal rod shape. Importantly, mutants defective in mounting the Rcs stress response and those lacking penicillin binding protein 1B (PBP1B) or LpoB could not divide or recover their cell shape but instead enlarged until they lysed. LI spheroplasts from mutants lacking the Lpp lipoprotein or PBP6 produced spherical daughter cells that did not recover a normal rod shape or that did so only after a significant delay. Thus, to regenerate normal morphology de novo, E. coli must supplement the classic FtsZ-and MreBCD-directed cell wall systems with activities that are otherwise dispensable for growth under normal laboratory conditions. The existence of these auxiliary mechanisms implies that they may be required for survival in natural environments, where bacterial walls can be damaged extensively or removed altogether.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rcs Stress Response and Accessory Envelope Proteins Are Required for De Novo Generation of Cell Shape in Escherichia coli

Ranjit

Young

2013

J Bacteriol

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“…-forms are cell wall-deficient bacteria that have been described and analyzed in many bacterial species (15,16,21,37,76). In several studies, a spontaneous conversion of wild-type cells to Lforms under exposure to cell wall-affecting substances was demonstrated (36,37,43).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cell Envelope Stress Response in Cell Wall-Deficient L-Forms of Bacillus subtilis

Wolf

Domı́nguez-Cuevas

Daniel

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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b L-forms are cell wall-deficient bacteria that can grow and proliferate in osmotically stabilizing media. Recently, a strain of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis was constructed that allowed controlled switching between rod-shaped wildtype cells and corresponding L-forms. Both states can be stably maintained under suitable culture conditions. Because of the absence of a cell wall, L-forms are known to be insensitive to ␤-lactam antibiotics, but reports on the susceptibility of L-forms to other antibiotics that interfere with membrane-anchored steps of cell wall biosynthesis are sparse, conflicting, and strongly influenced by strain background and method of L-form generation. Here we investigated the response of B. subtilis to the presence of cell envelope antibiotics, with regard to both antibiotic resistance and the induction of the known LiaRS-and BceRS-dependent cell envelope stress biosensors. Our results show that B. subtilis L-forms are resistant to antibiotics that interfere with the bactoprenol cycle, such as bacitracin, vancomycin, and mersacidin, but are hypersensitive to nisin and daptomycin, which both affect membrane integrity. Moreover, we established a lacZ-based reporter gene assay for L-forms and provide evidence that LiaRS senses its inducers indirectly (damage sensing), while the Bce module detects its inducers directly (drug sensing).

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“…In the second example, a stable L-form Listeria monocytogenes strain was obtained that produced cell-wall precursors but nevertheless lacked a mature cell wall, likely due to the some mutation in the cell-wall synthesis pathway (Dell'Era et al 2009). Surprisingly, large intracellular vesicles emerged, which grew next to sites of disrupted unilamellarity and phospholipid accumulation on the mother cell membrane (Briers et al 2012a).…”

Section: Division Driven By Active Chemical Synthesis Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divided we stand: splitting synthetic cells for their proliferation

Caspi

Dekker

2014

Syst Synth Biol

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With the recent dawn of synthetic biology, the old idea of man-made artificial life has gained renewed interest. In the context of a bottom-up approach, this entails the de novo construction of synthetic cells that can autonomously sustain themselves and proliferate. Reproduction of a synthetic cell involves the synthesis of its inner content, replication of its information module, and growth and division of its shell. Theoretical and experimental analysis of natural cells shows that, whereas the core synthesis machinery of the information module is highly conserved, a wide range of solutions have been realized in order to accomplish division. It is therefore to be expected that there are multiple ways to engineer division of synthetic cells. Here we survey the field and review potential routes that can be explored to accomplish the division of bottom-up designed synthetic cells. We cover a range of complexities from simple abiotic mechanisms involving splitting of lipid-membrane-encapsulated vesicles due to physical or chemical principles, to potential division mechanisms of synthetic cells that are based on prokaryotic division machineries.

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Listeria monocytogenesl‐forms respond to cell wall deficiency by modifying gene expression and the mode of division

Cited by 61 publications

References 56 publications

The Rcs Stress Response and Accessory Envelope Proteins Are Required for De Novo Generation of Cell Shape in Escherichia coli

The Rcs Stress Response and Accessory Envelope Proteins Are Required for De Novo Generation of Cell Shape in Escherichia coli

Cell Envelope Stress Response in Cell Wall-Deficient L-Forms of Bacillus subtilis

Divided we stand: splitting synthetic cells for their proliferation

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