<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Infection in Free-Ranging African Elephants

Miller, Michele A.; Kerr, Tanya J.; Waal, Candice R. de; Goosen, Wynand J.; Streicher, Elizabeth; Hausler, Guy; Rossouw, Leana; Manamela, Tebogo; Schalkwyk, Louis van; Kleynhans, Léanie; Warren, Robin M.; Helden, Paul van; Buss, Peter

doi:10.3201/eid2703.204729

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similarly, Mtb was reported to be isolated from bTB in buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) [ 13 ], which paints a darker picture in the control of TB, especially in developing countries. In addition, tuberculosis is a severe threat to wildlife animals, including species under strict protection, such as European bison (Bison bonasus) or African elephants [ 16 , 17 ]. Also, bTB is a significant hazard in zoological gardens [ 18 ].…”

Section: Etiology Of Btbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Bovine Tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Species

Borham¹,

Oreiby

El-Gedawy³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Bovine tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease affecting a wide range of domesticated and wild animals, representing a worldwide economic and public health burden. The disease is caused by Mycobacteriumbovis and infrequently by other pathogenic mycobacteria. The problem of bovine tuberculosis is complicated when the infection is associated with multidrug and extensively drug resistant M. bovis. Many techniques are used for early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, either being antemortem or postmortem, each with its diagnostic merits as well as limitations. Antemortem techniques depend either on cellular or on humoral immune responses, while postmortem diagnosis depends on adequate visual inspection, palpation, and subsequent diagnostic procedures such as bacterial isolation, characteristic histopathology, and PCR to reach the final diagnosis. Recently, sequencing and bioinformatics tools have gained increasing importance for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, including, but not limited to typing, detection of mutations, phylogenetic analysis, molecular epidemiology, and interactions occurring within the causative mycobacteria. Consequently, the current review includes consideration of bovine tuberculosis as a disease, conventional and recent diagnostic methods, and the emergence of MDR-Mycobacterium species.

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Section: Etiology Of Btbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Bovine Tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Species

Borham¹,

Oreiby

El-Gedawy³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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“…These stages can differ between each pathogen, complicating their simplification into standard models. Figure 1 shows these transmission stages in the spillover of the bacterium bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) from the reservoir host (African buffalo, Syncerus caffer ), to a novel host (elephant, Loxodonta africana) (Miller et al, 2021). This example emphasises the complex dynamics underlying transmission.…”

Section: Box 1: the Biology Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling Transmission in Epidemiological Models and its Role in the Disease-Diversity Relationship

Toorians¹,

MacPherson²,

Davies³

2022

Preprint

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With the decrease of biodiversity worldwide coinciding with an increase in disease outbreaks, investigating this link is more important then ever before. This review outlines the different modelling methods commonly used for pathogen transmission in animal host systems. There are a multitude of ways a pathogen can invade and spread through a host population. The assumptions of the transmission model used to capture disease propagation determines the outbreak potential, the net reproductive success (R0). This review offers an insight into the assumptions and motivation behind common transmission mechanisms and introduces a general framework with which contact rates, the most important parameter in disease dynamics, determines the transmission method. By using a general function introduced here and this general transmission model framework, we provide a guide for future disease ecologists for how to pick the contact function that best suites their system. Additionally, this manuscript attempts to bridge the gap between mathematical disease modelling and the controversially and heavily debated disease-diversity relationship, by expanding the summarized models to multiple hosts systems and explaining the role of host diversity in disease transmission. By outlining the mechanisms of transmission into a stepwise process, this review will serve as a guide to model pathogens in multi-host systems. We will further describe these models it in the greater context of host diversity and its effect on disease outbreaks, by introducing a novel method to include host species’ evolutionary history into the framework.

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“…Diseases reported in free-living African elephants include traumatic injuries as a result of natural causes (inter-species fighting, predators) and humanelephant conflict. [24][25][26] The latter was reported to be a cause of injury in 67% of free-living elephants requiring veterinary care in Kenya, with injuries resulting from arrows, spears, bullets, and snares. 25 Wire snares around the neck and foot in particular are commonly used to trap other animals for bushmeat, and elephants can be unintentionally trapped or injured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers of inflammation in free‐living African elephants (Loxodonta africana): Reference intervals and diagnostic performance of acute phase reactants

Steyrer

Miller

Hewlett

et al. 2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Introduction Acute phase reactants (APRs) have not been investigated in free‐living African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and there is little information about negative APRs albumin and serum iron in elephants. Objectives We aimed to generate reference intervals (RIs) for APRs for free‐living African elephants, and to determine the diagnostic performance of APRs in apparently healthy elephants and elephants with inflammatory lesions. Methods Stored serum samples from 49 apparently healthy and 16 injured free‐living elephants were used. The following APRs and methods were included: albumin, bromocresol green; haptoglobin, colorimetric assay; serum amyloid A (SAA), multispecies immunoturbidometric assay, and serum iron with ferrozine method. Reference intervals were generated using the nonparametric method. Indices of diagnostic accuracy were determined by receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Reference intervals were: albumin 41–55 g/L, haptoglobin 0.16–3.51 g/L, SAA < 10 mg/L, and serum iron 8.60–16.99 μmol/L. Serum iron and albumin concentrations were lower and haptoglobin and SAA concentrations were higher in the injured group. Serum iron had the best ability to predict health or inflammation, followed by haptoglobin, SAA, and albumin, with the area under the ROC curve ranging from 0.88–0.93. Conclusions SAA concentrations were lower in healthy African vs Asian elephants, and species‐specific RIs should be used. Serum iron was determined to be a diagnostically useful negative APR which should be added to APR panels for elephants.

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Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Free-Ranging African Elephants

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Review on Bovine Tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Species

Review on Bovine Tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Species

Unravelling Transmission in Epidemiological Models and its Role in the Disease-Diversity Relationship

Markers of inflammation in free‐living African elephants (Loxodonta africana): Reference intervals and diagnostic performance of acute phase reactants

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