<i>Mycobacterium mucogenicum</i>skin and soft tissue infection of the breast mimicking idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Krueger, Karen; Guggina, Lauren

doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231900

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Furthermore, differential diagnoses of GLM include plasma cell mastitis, duct ectasia, sclerosing lymphocytic lobular mastitis, IgG4-related sclerosing mastitis, and other known causes of granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fat necrosis, foreign body granuloma, etc. [32,33]. However, in our study, we found that CD3-positive T lymphocytes were present at higher levels than CD20-positive B lymphocytes around vacuoles or microabscesses.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Clinicopathologic Features and Pathogens of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis

Chen

Wang

et al. 2023

Breast Care

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Background: Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare, benign, and complex breast disease that can be easily misdiagnosed as breast cancer. The etiology of GLM is unclear and optimal treatment has not been established. Methods: Medical records for 333 patients with GLM in recent five years at Longhua Hospital, based in Shanghai, China, were analyzed. Potential pathogens in 33 fresh tissue specimens were also analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and bacterial cultures. Results: The median age of patients was 32 years (range 22-47 years). Amongst 333 patients, 38.7% displayed elevated prolactin, while 23.7% displayed high interleukin-2.In the granulomatous lesion, CD3 positive T lymphocytes were significantly more than CD20 positive B lymphocytes around the vacuoles or microabscesses. Gram-positive organisms were observed in 82 cases, including in 22 cases from fresh tissue specimens. Thirty-three (33) cases yielded associated pathogens and all displayed multiple pathogenic infections, as identified using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. Pathogenic infections were further identified as belonging to 16 main genera and 8 main pathogenic species. Conclusions: GLM displays distinct histological and clinical features similarly to those have been previously reported in literatures. Using 16S rDNA sequencing technology, all of our cases demonstrated multiple pathogenic infections, which provided more useful information for clinical treatment.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Clinicopathologic Features and Pathogens of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis

Chen

Wang

et al. 2023

Breast Care

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“…A fine needle aspiration culture of the abscess in a female patient with IGM revealed Enterococcus avium ( 88 ). Tissue culture from a repeat biopsy in a 28-year-old woman grew Mycobacterium mucogenicum , a rare cause of skin and soft tissue infections ( 89 ). As a possible infectious etiology, Corynebacterium species ( 90 ), especially Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii ( 91 , 92 ) , have been identified in the progression of IGM.…”

Section: Triggering Events and Precipitating Factors Of Igmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches

Wang,

He,

Liu

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a noncancerous, chronic inflammatory disorder of breast with unknown causes, posing significant challenges to the quality of life due to its high refractoriness and local aggressiveness. The typical symptoms of this disease involve skin redness, a firm and tender breast mass and mastalgia; others may include swelling, fistula, abscess (often without fever), nipple retraction, and peau d’orange appearance. IGM often mimics breast abscesses or malignancies, particularly inflammatory breast cancer, and is characterized by absent standardized treatment options, inconsistent patient response and unknown mechanism. Definite diagnosis of this disease relies on core needle biopsy and histopathological examination. The prevailing etiological theory suggests that IGM is an autoimmune disease, as some patients respond well to steroid treatment. Additionally, the presence of concurrent erythema nodosum or other autoimmune conditions supports the autoimmune nature of the disease. Based on current knowledge, this review aims to elucidate the autoimmune-favored features of IGM and explore its potential etiologies. Furthermore, we discuss the immune-mediated pathogenesis of IGM using existing research and propose immunotherapeutic strategies for managing this condition.

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“…Their isolation may be considered clinically important because RGMs are recovered from various environmental sources, including water, and they survive by forming biofilms and by interacting with protozoa [ 6 , 7 ]. After Mmuc was first reported as a Mycobacterium chelonae -like organism (MCLO) in a peritonitis outbreak in 1982, Mmuc strains have been detected in a wide range of infection sites, such as the central nervous system, skin, and lungs [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In particular, the most clinically significant infections are posttraumatic wound infections and catheter-related sepsis [ 6 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Macrophage Immune Responses and Metabolic Reprogramming in Smooth and Rough Variant Infections of Mycobacterium mucogenicum

Kang

Kim

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc), a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), can infect humans (posttraumatic wound infections and catheter-related sepsis). Similar to other NTM species, Mmuc exhibits colony morphologies of rough (Mmuc-R) and smooth (Mmuc-S) types. Although there are several case reports on Mmuc infection, no experimental evidence supports that the R-type is more virulent. In addition, the immune response and metabolic reprogramming of Mmuc have not been studied on the basis of morphological characteristics. Thus, a standard ATCC Mmuc strain and two clinical strains were analyzed, and macrophages were generated from mouse bone marrow. Cytokines and cell death were measured by ELISA and FACS, respectively. Mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic changes were measured by XF seahorse. Higher numbers of intracellular bacteria were found in Mmuc-R-infected macrophages than in Mmuc-S-infected macrophages. Additionally, Mmuc-R induced higher levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 and induced more BMDM necrotic death. Furthermore, our metabolic data showed marked glycolytic and respiratory differences between the control and each type of Mmuc infection, and changes in these parameters significantly promoted glucose metabolism, extracellular acidification, and oxygen consumption in BMDMs. In conclusion, at least in the strains we tested, Mmuc-R is more virulent, induces a stronger immune response, and shifts bioenergetic metabolism more extensively than the S-type. This study is the first to report differential immune responses and metabolic reprogramming after Mmuc infection and might provide a fundamental basis for additional studies on Mmuc pathogenesis.

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Mycobacterium mucogenicumskin and soft tissue infection of the breast mimicking idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Clinicopathologic Features and Pathogens of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis

Clinicopathologic Features and Pathogens of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis

Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches

Comparison of Macrophage Immune Responses and Metabolic Reprogramming in Smooth and Rough Variant Infections of Mycobacterium mucogenicum

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