<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>‐associated myelitis: a comprehensive review

Tsiodras, Sotirios; Kelesidis, Th.; Kelesidis, Iosif; Voumbourakis, K.; Giamarellou, Helen

doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01174.x

Cited by 77 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(372 reference statements)

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“…The few cases reported in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were diagnosed in the region of the municipality of Esteio [12], a place to which the patient was not exposed. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a rare causal agent of TM, which manifests as a respiratory disease prior to the neurological status by roughly 10 days [13], and was not present in the present case study. Other possible infections were discarded, including the less common causes of MT, as influenza, measles, varicella, Lyme disease, German measles, and mumps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Transverse myelitis associated to HCV infection

Carli¹,

Pannebeker²,

Pedro³

et al. 2009

Braz J Infect Dis

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Complications involving the central nervous system in patients suffering from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been rare. Among them, it appears the transverse myelitis, which has already been reported in likely association with HCV. This paper presents the case study of a 65-year-old woman who developed cervical transverse myelitis linked to chronic HCV infection and anti-HCV antibodies in the spinal fluid, being excluded other etiologies for transverse myelitis. Current evidence has reinforced the likely association between chronic HCV infection and transverse myelitis, especially as recurrent manifestations of the disease. These findings reveal the need for more searching to establish the causal relationship between transverse myelitis and hepatitis C. Key-Words: Central Nervous System, HCV infection, transverse myelitis. The World Health Organization estimates that infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects around 3% of the world population [1], being one of the main causes of the chronic hepatic disease. In HCV-positive patients, extra-hepatic symptoms are reported in up to 74% of the cases, 10% to 15% of which regarding the neurological changes, mainly in the peripheral nervous system, and in this context associated to the cryoglobulinaemia. Manifestations observed in the central nervous system (CNS) include chronic forms of encephalopathy, epilepsy, normal pressure hydrocephaly, ischemic encephalovascular syndrome, Ekbom syndrome, and encephalomyelitis [2][3][4][5].Transverse myelitis (TM) is a demyelinating disease of the spinal cord. The disease is characterized by the emergence of acute or sub acute signs and symptoms of motor, neurological, and autonomic dysfunction related to the nervous tracts of the spinal cord [6]. TM often occurs due to inflammatory and infectious processes, rheumatologic, neoplastic, iatrogenic, demyelinating, compressive, actinic as well as idioapthic diseases [7,8]. TM associated to HCV infection has recently been reported, and although the causal mechanism has not been fully established yet, it is hypothesized that the virus may act directly in the development of TM, or lead to immune-mediated injury.This paper is a case study of a patient who suffered from cervico-dorsal spinal cord myelitis, In association with updated literature, this study case adds evidence about the association between HCV and TM. Case ReportThe patient was a nulliparous, non-smoker 65-year-old caucasian woman previously alcoholic but abstemious for eight years, with obesity degree 3, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, and with a metallic mitral valve for nine months. The patient was from the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and had been taking warfarin, metphormin, glibenclamide, hydrochlothiazide, metoprolol, enalipril, and furosemide at the time of hospital admission.On admission, complaints reported by the patient included strong and progressive thoracolumbar pain for 30 days, which evolved with the loss of strength and sensitivity in lower limbs five days ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Transverse myelitis associated to HCV infection

Carli¹,

Pannebeker²,

Pedro³

et al. 2009

Braz J Infect Dis

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“…As in the case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, indirect immunological mechanisms such as immune complex-mediated injury leading to vasculopathy have been postulated as etiologies for transverse myelitis [Behan et al, 1986;Tsiodras et al, 2006]. As in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, recent studies using polymerase chain reaction have reported the successful detection of the genome of M. pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with transverse myelitis [Abele-Horn et al, 1998;Goebels et al, 2001].…”

Section: Transverse Myelitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma pneumoniae as an Under- Recognized Agent of Vasculitic Disorders

Narita¹

2011

Advances in the Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology of Vasculitis

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“…Neurological symptoms typically arise 1 to 2 weeks after a respiratory infection and they may be treated empirically with macrolide antibiotics, even though most macrolides penetrate the blood-brain barrier poorly, as well as with tetracycline and quinolones. There is some controversy concerning the need for antibiotic therapy since many mycoplasmal infections resolve spontaneously [8,[12][13][14][15]. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the best-studied and perhaps the most frequent mycoplasma in neurological disease [8,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%