<i>n</i>-3 Fatty acids and mood: the devil is in the detail

Richardson, Alex

doi:10.1017/s0007114507824123

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A third meta-analysis found evidence of efficacy in major depression, but no evidence of efficacy in depressed mood [Appleton et al, 2006], similar to later RCT by the same authors who concluded that supplementation with 1.7 g DHA + EPA was not efficacious in correcting mild to moderate depression [Rogers et al, 2008]. The metaanalysis has been criticized for over-inclusiveness [Richardson, 2008].…”

Section: Lcpufa and Depression In Men And In Non-pregnant And Non-lacmentioning

confidence: 67%

Background Paper on Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation

2009

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Section: Lcpufa and Depression In Men And In Non-pregnant And Non-lacmentioning

confidence: 67%

Background Paper on Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation

2009

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“…However, another meta-analysis did not support the antidepressant effects of n-3 PUFAs when heterogeneous populations (e.g. community samples) were included [28,29] ; the negative finding needs to be interpreted with caution because of a few limitations such as pooling heterogeneous populations, using different mood assessments, and implementing different intervention methods [30] . In addition, the active component of the antidepressant effect in n-3 PUFAs is still unknown, although it has been argued that EPA might be more effective than DHA [23] .…”

Section: Role Of N-3 Pufas In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Mechanism of Antidepressant Effect of Omega–3 Fatty Acids: How Does Fish Oil Act as a ‘Mind-Body Interface’?

Su¹

2009

Neurosignals

158

114

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The unsatisfactory results of monoamine-based antidepressant therapy and the high occurrence of somatic symptoms and physical illness in patients with depression imply that the serotonin hypothesis is insufficient to approach the aetiology of depression. Depressive disorders with somatic presentation are the most common form of depression. Somatization, the bodily symptoms without organic explanation, is similar to cytokine-induced sickness behaviour. Based on recent evidence, omega–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n–3 PUFAs, or n–3 fatty acids) are enlightening a promising path to discover the unsolved of depression, sickness behaviour and to link the connection of mind and body. The PUFAs are classified into n–3 (or omega–3) and n–6 (or omega–6) groups. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, the major bioactive components of n–3 PUFAs, are not efficiently synthesized in humans and should therefore be obtained directly from the diet, particularly by consuming fish. Docosahexaenoic acid deficiency is associated with dysfunctions of neuronal membrane stability and transmission of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which might connect to the aetiology of mood and cognitive dysfunction of depression. Likewise, eicosapentaenoic acid is important in balancing the immune function and physical health by reducing membrane arachidonic acid (an n–6 PUFA) and prostaglandin E₂ synthesis, which might be linked to the somatic manifestations and physical comorbidity in depression. The role of n–3 PUFAs in immunity and mood function supports the promising hypothesis of psychoneuroimmunology of depression and provides an excellent interface between ‘mind’ and ‘body’. This review is to provide an overview of the evidence about the role of n–3 PUFAs in depression and its common comorbid physical conditions and to propose mechanisms by which they may modulate molecular and cellular functions.

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“…DHA is commonly believed to be the key element for mental health as it is an essential component of neuronal membranes and thus critical to the structure of the brain and nervous system, while EPA is believed to have direct interactions with cyclo-oxygenases, lipoxygenases, phospholipases, acylating systems, ion channels, mitochondria, and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. It is also thought to exert regulatory influences on gene expression [39][40][41]. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to better understand the role of these FAs in CV disease and mental health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of meta-analyses indicate that omega-3 FA supplement is beneficial for patients who have a formal diagnosis of depression [56]. Variation of dosing and proportion of omega-3 FA supplement have been speculated to be responsible, at least partially, for the inconsistent findings of benefits in depression and many other conditions [39,40,55]. While Lovaza (similar EPA to DHA concentrations) failed to demonstrate antidepressant effects [57], an almost pure EPA supplement demonstrated antidepressant efficacy [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Survival in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Major Depressive Disorder

Jiang

Oken²,

Fiuzat

et al. 2011

J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res.

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The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) concentration is low in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Supplement of omega-3 FA improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CHD and heart failure (HF). However, plasma omega-3 FA and its role for prognosis in HF patients have not been examined previously. In this study, we explore the prognostic value of omega-3 polyunsaturated FA in HF patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Plasma was obtained from HF patients with MDD who participated in the Sertraline Against Depression and Heart Disease in Chronic Heart Failure trial. FA methyl esters were analyzed by the method of a flame ionization detector. Weight percent is the unit of the omega compounds. The primary outcome was survival which was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. A total of 109 depressed HF patients had adequate volume for completion of the FA assays. Plasma total omega-3 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.98) and EPA_(0.1 unit) (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.96) were significantly associated with survival of patients with HF and co-morbid MDD. The results suggest that low plasma omega-3 FA is a significant factor for reduced survival in HF patients with MDD.

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n-3 Fatty acids and mood: the devil is in the detail

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Background Paper on Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation

Background Paper on Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation

Biological Mechanism of Antidepressant Effect of Omega–3 Fatty Acids: How Does Fish Oil Act as a ‘Mind-Body Interface’?

Plasma Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Survival in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Major Depressive Disorder

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