N‐bromo‐hydantoin grafted polystyrene beads: Synthesis and nano‐micro beads characteristics for achieving controlled release of active oxidative bromine and extended microbial inactivation efficiency

Abstract

N-bromo-hydantoin and N-bromo-5,50 -dimethylhydantoin conjugated polystyrene beads were synthesized from chloromethyl polystyrene beads which differ in their particles size, crosslinking, nano-micro porosity, and tunnels size on the surface, in order to study the effect of these parameters on oxidative halogen release and resultant activity, for water purification applications. The synthesized beads were characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR, solid state 13 C-NMR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The conjugation yield and kinetics in different solvents and bromine loading capacity were studied. The N-bromoamine polystyrene beads were tested for water decontamination according to NSF 231 protocol. The release of active bromine was analyzed by spectrophotometer using a DPD-1 kit and also studied the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and MS2 phages. Bead's nano-micro characteristics were found critical for oxidative halogen release control: rate stabilization and modulation, extension and also influences antimicrobial activity. The synthesized beads exhibited extended and stable release of bromine, 6 and 4 log reduction for E. coli and MS2, respectively for 250 L of passing contaminated water. Thus, N-halamine hydantoins conjugated polystyrenes, chemically or kinetically release modified should have applications as disinfectants in water purification systems as well as medical field.

Antibacterial N-halamine fibrous materials

“…With the remarkable progress of diverse N -halamine compounds, considerable attention has been paid to developing N -halamine materials in various forms (fibers, nanoparticles, beads, films, etc.) for creating better antibacterial activity [ [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. Among them, NFMs are found to be highly attractive due to their advantages like exceptional structural continuity, good pore connectivity, fine flexibility, and self-supporting capability, which show great potentials in a wide range of applications.…”

Novel N–Br Bond-Containing N-Halamine Nanofibers with Antibacterial Activities

“…After Berliner revealed the success of N -halamines on water disinfection as early as in 1931, the development of antibacterial N -halamines has led to great advances. − It was proven that N -halamines could generate via a simple halogenation of the N–H bond-containing precursor (such as hydantoin, imidazolidinone, oxazolidinone, barbituric acid, chitosan, etc . ), which allow N -halamines to exhibit diversity in their molecular structure. − When the N-X bond is investigated, the halogen(s) in N -halamines can be chlorine, bromine, or iodine, with chlorine being the most popular. − Throughout the historical development of antibacterial N -halamines, most of the studies that related to antibacterial N -halamines concentrated mainly on N–Cl bond-containing N -halamines rather than N–Br (or N–I) bond-containing ones.…”

Disinfectants role in the prevention of spreading the COVID‐19 and other infectious diseases: The need for functional polymers!

“…The polymers containing N ‐halamine functionality release halonium ions, which have a positive charge function as an antiseptic oxidizing agent. 53 , 54 , 55 In a recent study from the Domb group, polyurea and polyguanidines were converted to N ‐halamine linkages to study their antiviral activity against T4 bacteriophage and tomato brown rugose fruit virus. The halonium ions linked to these polymers, such as chloronium/bromonium, were released in a controlled manner as studied for 4 weeks.…”