N-Methylfulleropyrrolidine-Based Multimode Sensor for Determination of Butoconazole Nitrate

Abstract

A multimode sensor (a sensor responding simultaneously to more than one mode, e.g., stochastic mode, amperometric mode, voltammetric mode) based on graphite paste modified with N-methylfulleropyrrolidine was proposed for the determination of butoconazole nitrate in its pharmaceutical formulation. The stochastic mode and square wave voltammetry mode were applied for the determinations. Both the stochastic mode and square wave voltammetry mode were applied for a qualitative and quantitative assay of butoconazole nitrate. The sensor can be used between 1.68 × 10 −6 and 1.68 × 10 4 μmol L −1 when the stochastic mode is used and between 0.168 and 16.80 μmol L −1 when the square wave voltammetry mode is used. The multimode sensor was reliably used for the determination of butoconazole nitrate in its pharmaceutical formulation, Gynofort cream, the recorded recoveries being higher than 99.00%, with RSD (%) values of lower than 2.00%.

Disposable Stochastic Miniplatforms for Simultaneous Recognition and Determination of Vitamins B5, B7, and B9 in Food and Pharmaceutical Compounds

“…The subsequent phase is commonly known as the reaction phase resulting from the interaction between vitamins B5, B7, and B9 and the wall channel. This interaction takes place during the equilibrium equation presented below normalC normalh false( normali false) + normalv normali normalt normala normalm normali normaln false( normali false) .25em ⇔ .25em C h • normalv normali normalt normala normalm normali normaln false( normali false) where Ch denotes the channel, whereas i denotes the interface. , Furthermore, redox reactions take place. The quantitative parameter, commonly known as t on , represents the time needed for the reaction phase to achieve equilibrium.…”

“…This interaction takes place during the equilibrium equation presented below where Ch denotes the channel, whereas i denotes the interface. 8 , 9 Furthermore, redox reactions take place. The quantitative parameter, commonly known as t on , represents the time needed for the reaction phase to achieve equilibrium.…”

Gold Nanoparticles/Nanographene-Based 3D Sensors Integrated in Mini-Platforms for Thiamine Detection

“…Calculating the electroactive surface area permitted the study of the electrocatalytic activity of the sensors, which was performed by applying the Randles–Sevick equation [ 20 , 21 ] to quasi-reversible redox processes controlled by diffusion. As demonstrated below, the peak current intensity on both the anodic and cathodic peaks is directly proportional to the square root of the scan rate: where Ip is the peak current (µA), n is the number of transferred electrons ( n = 1, in this example), A is the electrode active surface area (cm 2 ), C 0 is the concentration of K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (mol cm −3 ), D R is the diffusion coefficient (7.60 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 ), and υ is the scan rate (V s −1 ).…”

A Zirconia‐Nanoparticles‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Ibuprofen

“…In consequence, electrochemical alternative techniques for ibuprofen determination were developed, which are as sensitive as the chromatographic, but simpler, faster, and cost‐effective [17–25] . The potential of the electrochemical methods in drug analysis is widely discussed in the literature, [26–38] along with the recent advances in ibuprofen electrochemical quantification [39–41] …”