Iron is essential for most living organisms and is often the major limiting nutrient for normal growth. Plants induce iron utilization systems under conditions of low iron availability, but the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation under iron deficiency remain largely unknown. We identified the rice transcription factor IDEF1, which specifically binds the iron deficiency-responsive cis-acting element IDE1. IDEF1 belongs to an uncharacterized branch of the plant-specific transcription factor family ABI3/VP1 and exhibits the sequence recognition property of efficiently binding to the CATGC sequence within IDE1. IDEF1 transcripts are constitutively present in rice roots and leaves. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing IDEF1 under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter transactivate IDE1-mediated expression only in iron-deficient roots. Transgenic rice plants expressing an introduced IDEF1 exhibit substantial tolerance to iron deficiency in both hydroponic culture and calcareous soil. IDEF1 overexpression leads to the enhanced expression of the iron deficiency-induced transcription factor gene OsIRO2, suggesting the presence of a sequential gene regulatory network. These findings reveal cis element/trans factor interactions that are functionally linked to the iron deficiency response. Manipulation of IDEF1 also provides another approach for producing crops tolerant of iron deficiency to enhance food and biomass production in calcareous soils.ABI3/VP1 ͉ iron deficiency-responsive elements ͉ mugineic acid family phytosiderophores ͉ transgenic rice M ost living organisms require iron for growth and reproduction, and the iron absorbed by plants constitutes a major iron source for animals and humans. Although abundant in mineral soils, iron is sparingly soluble under aerobic conditions at high pH. Consequently, in calcareous soils, which constitute Ϸ30% of the world's cultivated soils, plants often exhibit iron deficiency symptoms manifested as chlorosis (yellowing caused by chlorophyll deficiency), reducing crop yield and quality (1). Higher plants use two major iron uptake strategies under conditions of low iron supply: reduction (Strategy I) and chelation (Strategy II) (2). The Strategy II mechanism is specific to graminaceous plants and is mediated by natural iron chelators, the mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) (3). Extensive physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies have identified the biosynthetic pathway of MAs and the genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes (4-9). The expression of these biosynthetic genes is coordinately upregulated in response to iron deficiency (6,8,9), but the molecular mechanisms regulating these iron deficiency-induced genes are poorly understood.Recent studies have demonstrated that a rice iron deficiencyinduced basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, Os-IRO2, regulates the Strategy II-based iron deficiency response by inducing the related genes (10, 11). The core sequence to which OsIRO2 binds (CACGTGG) is overrepresented in...