Pitx1 and Pitx2c are required for ectopic cement gland formation in xenopus laevis

Schweickert, Axel; Deißler, Kirsten; Blum, Martin; Steinbeißer, Herbert

doi:10.1002/gene.1051

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…By that time, the CG starts to express proteins such as anterior gradient (xAgr) that are used as CG markers and are important for the gland's secreting function (7,8). The positioning and inducing of the CG relies on the expression of orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2) and pituitary homeobox (Pitx) genes (2,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), whereas adequate levels of bone morphogenic protein 4 (Bmp4) signals are permissive for its development (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Conservation, development, and function of a cement gland-like structure in the fish Astyanax mexicanus

Pottin

Hyacinthe

Rétaux

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The larvae of the fish Astyanax mexicanus transiently develop a flat and adhesive structure on the top of their heads that we have called "the casquette" (cas, meaning "hat"). We hypothesized that the cas may be a teleostean homolog of the well-studied Xenopus cement gland, despite their different positions and structures. Here we show that the cas has an ectodermal origin, secretes mucus, expresses bone morphogenic protein 4 (Bmp4) and pituitary homeobox 1/2 (Pitx1/2), is innervated by the trigeminal ganglion and serotonergic raphe neurons, and has a role in the control and the development of the larval swimming behavior. These developmental, connectivity, and behavioral functional data support a level of deep homology between the frog cement gland and the Astyanax cas and suggest that attachment organs can develop in varied positions on the head ectoderm by recruitment of a Bmp4-dependent developmental module. We also show that the attachment organs of the cichlid Tilapia mariae larvae display some of these features. We discuss the possibility that these highly diversified attachment glands may be ancestral to chordates and have been lost repetitively in many vertebrate classes.bone morphogenic protein 4 | pituitary homeobox 1/2 | trigeminal | fish behavior | homology

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confidence: 99%

Conservation, development, and function of a cement gland-like structure in the fish Astyanax mexicanus

Pottin

Hyacinthe

Rétaux

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Furthermore, knocking down of Pitx1 and Pitx2c inhibits ectopic cement gland formation induced by Otx2 (Schweickert et al . ). Additionally, it has been suggested that Pitx genes act downstream of Otx2 during the development of the cement gland (Dickinson & Sive ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…) and that Pitx genes act downstream of Otx2 in the cement gland formation (Schweickert et al . ; Dickinson & Sive ). In the teleost fish, Astyanax mexicanus , the casquette, which is formed on the head of its larvae, is regarded to be homologous to the cement gland in Xenopus (Pottin et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription regulatory mechanism of Pitx in the papilla‐forming region in the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, implies conserved involvement of Otx as the upstream gene in the adhesive organ development of chordates

et al. 2012

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Pitx genes play important roles in a variety of developmental processes in vertebrates. In an ascidian species, Halocynthia roretzi, Hr-Pitx, the only Pitx gene of this species, has been reported to be expressed in the left epidermis at the tailbud stage. In the present study, first, we have shown that Hr-Pitx is also expressed in the papilla-forming region at the neurula to tailbud stages, and then we addressed transcription regulatory mechanisms for the expression of Hr-Pitx in the papilla-forming region. We have identified the genomic region ranging from 850 to 1211 bp upstream from the translation start site of the Hr-Pitx gene as an enhancer region that drives the transcription of Hr-Pitx in the papilla-forming region. Within the enhancer region, putative transcriptional factor binding sites for Otx as well as Fox were shown to be required for its activity. Finally, we carried out knocking down experiments of Hr-Otx function using an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, in which the knocking down of Hr-Otx function resulted in reduction of the enhancer activity and loss of the expression of Hr-Pitx in the papilla-forming region. In Xenopus laevis, it has been reported that Pitx genes are expressed downstream of Otx function during development of the cement gland, an adhesive organ of its larva. Taken together, it is suggested that the expression regulatory mechanism of Pitx, involving Otx as the upstream gene, in the developing adhesive organ is conserved between ascidians and vertebrates.

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“…Molecules that function as antagonists of BMP4, including noggin and chordin, can cause ectoderm to form either anterior neural tissue or cement gland, depending on the dose each cell receives (Knecht et al, 1995;Wilson et al, 1997). Cement gland can also be formed from ectoderm in response to molecules that are not potent neural inducers, including Pitx1, Pitx2c, Xotx5b (Chang et al, 2001;Schweickert et al, 2001;Vignali et al, 2000), and now, GREUL1. In ectodermal explants, these molecules are able to activate the expression of Xotx2 and XAG-1 without significant neural marker induction (Chang et al, 2001;Vignali et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase GREUL1 Anteriorizes Ectoderm during Xenopus Development

Borchers

Hufton²,

Eldridge

et al. 2002

Developmental Biology

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We have identified a family of RING finger proteins that are orthologous to Drosophila Goliath (G1, Gol). One of the members, GREUL1 (Goliath Related E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1), can convert Xenopus ectoderm into XAG-1- and Otx2-expressing cells in the absence of both neural tissue and muscle. This activity, combined with the finding that XGREUL1 is expressed within the cement gland, suggests a role for GREUL1 in the generation of anterior ectoderm. Although GREUL1 is not a direct inducer of neural tissue, it can activate the formation of ectopic neural cells within the epidermis of intact embryos. This suggests that GREUL1 can sensitize ectoderm to neuralizing signals. In this paper, we provide evidence that GREUL1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Using a biochemical assay, we show that GREUL1 catalyzes the addition of polyubiquitin chains. These events are mediated by the RING domain since a mutation in two of the cysteines abolishes ligase activity. Mutation of these cysteines also compromises GREUL1's ability to induce cement gland. Thus, GREUL1's RING domain is necessary for both the ubiquitination of substrates and for the conversion of ectoderm to an anterior fate.

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Pitx1 and Pitx2c are required for ectopic cement gland formation in xenopus laevis

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Conservation, development, and function of a cement gland-like structure in the fish Astyanax mexicanus

Conservation, development, and function of a cement gland-like structure in the fish Astyanax mexicanus

Transcription regulatory mechanism of Pitx in the papilla‐forming region in the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, implies conserved involvement of Otx as the upstream gene in the adhesive organ development of chordates

The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase GREUL1 Anteriorizes Ectoderm during Xenopus Development

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