<i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>Extract Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis Pathways in Mice

Hwang, Kyung‐A; Hwang, Yu-Jin; Im, Pu Reum; Hwang, Hye-Jeong; Song, Jinghui; Kim, Young‐Jun

doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.4370

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Platycosides are pharmaceutically active saponins present in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, also known as balloon flower, and have been used as a part of the medicinal diet in Northeast Asia [1,2]. Their pharmacological properties include anti-oxidant [3,4], anti-inflammatory [5,6], anti-tumor [7][8][9], anti-allergy [10,11], anti-obesity [12][13][14], and immune-modulatory effects [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5

Shin

Kim

Woo

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Platycosides, the saponins abundant in Platycodi radix (the root of Platycodon grandiflorum), have diverse pharmacological activities and have been used as food supplements. Since deglycosylated saponins exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins, efforts are on to enzymatically convert glycosylated platycosides to deglycosylated platycosides; however, the lack of diversity and specificities of these enzymes has limited the kinds of platycosides that can be deglycosylated. In the present study, we examined the enzymatic conversion of platycosides and showed that Cytolase PCL5 completely converted platycoside E and polygalacin D3 into deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D and deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D, respectively, which were identified by LC-MS analysis. The platycoside substrates were hydrolyzed through the following novel hydrolytic pathways: platycoside E → platycodin D3 → platycodin D → deapiosylated platycodin D → deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D; and polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D → deapiosylated polygalacin D → deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D. Our results show that cytolast PCL5 may have a potential role in the development of biologically active platycosides that may be used for their diverse pharmacological activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5

Shin

Kim

Woo

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Platycoside E and platycodin D are the major physiologically active and indicator Platycodon grandiflorum saponins [ 17 ]. They were analyzed as described previously [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PG is rich in fiber and minerals such as potassium and magnesium. PG has an antibacterial effect on bronchial diseases [ 15 ], lowers blood sugar [ 16 ], improves cholesterol metabolism [ 17 , 18 ] and exerts an antibacterial effect. Studies on obesity [ 19 ], cancer cell proliferation [ 20 ] and antioxidant effects [ 21 , 22 ] have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crude Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum Attenuates Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways

Kim

et al. 2021

Antioxidants

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(1) Background: Although Platycodon grandiflorum saponins exhibit many beneficial biological effects in various diseases and conditions, how they protect nerve cells against neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is unknown. We investigated whether P. grandiflorum crude saponin (PGS) protects neurons from neurodegeneration caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress. (2) Methods: Hippocampal neuron HT-22 cells were used in the in vitro experiment, and AD mice (5XFAD mice) were used as the in vivo model. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stained with DCF-DA and assessed using fluorescence microscopy. To elucidate the mechanism underlying neuroprotection, intracellular protein levels were assessed by western blotting. In 5XFAD mice, an animal model of AD, nerve damage recovery due to the induction of Aβ toxicity was evaluated by histological analysis. (3) Results: PGS attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, PGS upregulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulated NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Additionally, PGS inhibited apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, PGS ameliorated Aβ-mediated pathologies, leading to AD-associated cognitive decline. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that PGS inhibits Aβ accumulation in the subiculum and cerebral cortex and attenuates Aβ toxicity-induced nerve damage in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PGS is a resource for developing AD therapeutics.

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“…In mammalian cells, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 are the main regulators of adipogenesis [5]. C/EBPs play an important role in activating PPARγ expression during the early stages of differentiation [6], PPARγ promotes lipogenic gene expression, and SREBP-1 induces fatty acid synthesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase [7]. Meanwhile, obesity is an underlying condition of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Papain Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via AMPK Activation

Kang

Cominguez

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Papain is a proteolytic enzyme present in the leaves, fruits, roots, and latex of the Carica papaya (papaya) plant. Although it exhibits a wide range of activities, there are no reports on the anti-obesity effects of papain. This study examined the anti-obesity effect and obesity-involved anti-inflammatory mechanism of papain in in vivo and in vitro models using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oral administration of papain reduced HFD-induced weight of the body, liver, and adipose tissues of mice. Papain also reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte size. Moreover, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were markedly reduced in papain-treated mice. In addition, papain inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes and oil accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and rat primary preadipocytes. Mechanistically, papain significantly downregulated the protein levels of key adipogenesis regulators and reversed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in HFD-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Papain also markedly enhanced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in both models. Collectively, these results suggest that papain exerts anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating levels of adipogenic factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation; thus, it could be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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Platycodon grandiflorumExtract Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis Pathways in Mice

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5

Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5

Crude Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum Attenuates Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways

Papain Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via AMPK Activation

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