High specificity and sensitivity are characteristic of immunosensors; however, the assay time presents a certain limitation in immunoassay detection. Considering possible methods of shortening the assay time, we proposed and experimentally realized a new type of immunosensor detection. This method was tested by the Abstract -Results of the research performed at the Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, on designing immunobiosensors for detection of toxic compounds and microbial cells, enzyme-based biosensors for detection of hydrocarbons and alcohols, and microbial biosensors for aromatic compounds, surfactants, and biological oxygen consumption are reviewed. Parameters of the mediator electrodes involving microbial cells and data on the properties of microbial biofuel cells-devices based on the biosensor principle and representing alternative sources of electric energy-are presented.