<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> Effector Avirulence Protein E Localizes to the Host Plasma Membrane and Down-Regulates the Expression of the <i>NONRACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1/HARPIN-INDUCED1-LIKE13</i> Gene Required for Antibacterial Immunity in Arabidopsis

Xin, Xiaoyi; Nomura, Kinya; Ding, Xinhua; Chen, Xujun; Wang, Kun; Aung, Kyaw; Uribe, Francisco; Rosa, Bruce A.; Yao, Jian; Chen, Jin; He, Sheng Yang

doi:10.1104/pp.15.00547

Cited by 55 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Our study, however, revealed a striking and previously unrecognized effect of high humidity on the function of bacterial effectors inside the plant apoplast. An aqueous apoplast could potentially facilitate the flow of nutrients to bacteria, promote the spread/egression of bacteria, and/or affect apoplastic host defense responses, the latter of which may explain some of the previously observed effects of HopM1, AvrE and MIN7 on plant immunity 21,23,25 and suggest a potential “cross-talk” between plant immune responses and water availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We found this result interesting because, although HopM1 and AvrE show no sequence similarity, they were previously shown to be functionally redundant in virulence and they are highly conserved in diverse P. syringae strains and/or other phytopathogenic bacteria 20,21 . Moreover, transgenic overexpression of 6xHis:HopM1 22 or 6xHis:AvrE 23 under control of dexamesathone (DEX)-inducible promoter (10 μM DEX used) also caused water soaking under high humidity (Fig. 2b).…”

Section: P Syirngae Water-soaking Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two conserved effectors, HopM1 and AvrE, create an aqueous apoplast in a humidity-dependent manner. AvrE is localized to the host plasma membrane (PM) 23 ; its host target is currently unknown. HopM1 targets MIN7 (an ARF-GEF protein) in the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE), which is involved in recycling of PM proteins 26 .…”

Section: Extended Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Humidity: ~95%. b, Pictures of leaves of transgenic 6xHis:HopM1 22 , 6xHis:AvrE 23 or AvrPto 32 plants after spray with 10μM dexamethasone (DEX; to induce effector gene expression). Humidity: ~95%.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence

Xin

Nomura

Aung

et al. 2016

Nature

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High humidity has a profound influence on the development of numerous phyllosphere diseases in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. Previous studies emphasize immune suppression as a key step in bacterial pathogenesis. Here we show that humidity-dependent, pathogen-driven establishment of an aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) is another crucial step in bacterial infection of the phyllosphere. Bacterial effectors, such as Pseudomonas syringae HopM1, induce establishment of the aqueous apoplast and are sufficient to transform non-pathogenic P. syringae strains into virulent pathogens in immune-deficient Arabidopsis under high humidity. Arabidopsis quadruple mutants simultaneously defective in a host target (MIN7) of HopM1 and in pattern-triggered immunity could not only recapitulate the basic features of bacterial infection, but also exhibit humidity-dependent dyshomeostasis of the endophytic commensal bacterial community in the phyllosphere. These results highlight a new conceptual framework for understanding diverse phyllosphere-bacterial interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: P Syirngae Water-soaking Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extended Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence

Xin

Nomura

Aung

et al. 2016

Nature

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374

350

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“…Once inside the host cell, bacterial effectors might travel to different subcellular compartments to function. Indeed, several Pst DC3000 effectors have been shown to localize to different cellular compartments of plant cells, including plasma membrane (PM) (AvrE; (3)), trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) (HopM1; (4)), endoplasmic reticulum (HopD1; (5)), chloroplast (HopI1, HopK1, and HopN1; (6-8)), mitochondria (HopG1; (9)), and nucleocytoplasm (HopU1 and HopQ1-1; (10, 11)). In this chapter, we describe live cell imaging approaches using fluorescent microscopy to study the subcellular localization of Pst DC3000 effector proteins in the host cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcellular Localization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Effector Proteins in Plants

Aung¹,

Xin²,

Mecey³

et al. 2016

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Summary Animal and plant pathogenic bacteria use type III secretion systems to translocate proteinaceous effectors to subvert innate immunity of their host organisms. Type III secretion/effector system is a crucial pathogenicity factor in many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 injects a total of 36 protein effectors, which target a variety of host proteins. Studies of a subset of Pst DC3000 effectors demonstrated that bacterial effectors, once inside the host cell, are localized to different subcellular compartments, including plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast, and Trans-Golgi network, to carry out their virulence functions. Identifying the subcellular localization of bacterial effector proteins in host cells could provide substantial clues to understanding the molecular and cellular bases of the virulence activities of effector proteins. In this chapter, we present methods for transient or stable expression of bacterial effector proteins in tobacco and/or Arabidopsis thaliana for live cell imaging as well as confirming the subcellular localization in plants using fluorescent organelle markers or chemical treatment.

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