Retracted: Down‐regulated long non‐coding RNA ANRIL restores the learning and memory abilities and rescues hippocampal pyramidal neurons from apoptosis in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats via the NF‐κB signaling pathway

Abstract

Diabetes often causes learning and memory deficits, which leads to unfavorable behavioral performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ANRIL on learning, memory abilities, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After successful establishment of diabetic rat models, the subjects were then assigned into the DM, DM + si-ANRIL, DM + si-negative control (si-NC) groups, as well as an additional normal group. Morris water maze test was employed to assess behavioral performance of rats, followed by the recording of body weight and blood glucose levels. Expressions of ANRIL, NF-κB signaling pathway-related, and apoptosis-related genes were examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Rat hippocampus expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3 were determined by immunofluorescence. Cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay. Versus to the normal group, revealed there to be activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, decreased weight, increased blood glucose, increased escape latency, reduced residence time, memory impairment, increased cleaved-caspase-3 expression, and increased apoptosis were detected in the DM and DM + si-NC groups. The DM + si-ANRIL group exhibited inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway, weight loss, decreased blood glucose, recovered memory, decreased cleaved-caspase-3 expression and reduced apoptosis compared to the DM group, with higher weight of rats, lower blood glucose levels, and stronger memory abilities in the DM + si-ANRIL group. Taken together, these findings indicate that silencing lncRNA ANRIL promotes memory recovery and decreases hippocampal neurons apoptosis in diabetic rats through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

ANRIL and atherosclerosis

“…Biswas et al found that siRNA‐ANRIL contributed to the greatest reduction of ET‐1 expression in high glucose (HG)–treated retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HREC) . Moreover, Wen et al found that silencing ANRIL decreased body weight, blood glucose level, cleaved caspase‐3 expression and islet cell apoptosis in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats via inhibition of the NF‐κB signalling pathway (Figure ) …”

Long non-coding RNA ANRIL knockdown suppresses apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing neurite outgrowth via binding microRNA-125a in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease

“…lnc-anril was revealed to enhance the activation of inflammasome by regulating miR-122-5p/BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex subunit 3 (BRCC3) signaling in rat models of uric acid nephropathy (24). Notably, a previous study revealed that lnc-ANRIL downregulation re-established the learning and memory capabilities and prevented the apoptosis of hippocampal pyramidal neurons by mediating the NF-κB pathway in rat models of diabetic mellitus (25). These studies suggest that lnc-ANRIL overexpression promotes inflammation, while lnc-anril knockdown reduces inflammation and alleviates neuronal injury.…”

“…in view of these results, the present study aimed to elucidate the following: i) The effect of lnc-anril on cell functions in the Pc12 cellular ad model (lnc-ANRIL can promote cell apoptosis, while it inhibits cell growth in the PC12 cellular AD model by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including the mir-499a/Pdcd4 axisregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway); and ii) the effect of lnc-ANRIL on inflammatory cytokines in the PC12 cellular AD model. Inflammation is a critical process in ad pathogenesis and lnc-anril is an lncrna closely related to the regulation of inflammation by functioning as a regulator of nF-κB signaling; thus, lnc-ANRIL may regulate cytokine expression in the PC12 cellular AD model by mediating nF-κB signaling or via other inflammatory pathways, such as the Brcc3 signaling pathway (13,19,(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

The Role of ANRIL in Atherosclerosis

“…ANRIL downregulation showed positive effects in animal models of diabetes in terms of decreasing body weight, blood glucose level, and islet cell apoptosis [ 87 ]. Expression of ANRIL in different types of tumors shows its prominent role in cellular proliferation and apoptosis which are important steps of atherosclerosis [ 19 ].…”