Rumex japonicusHoutt.: A phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic review

Abstract

Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH‐Yang Ti) RJH has been used as a folk medicine in East Asian countries for thousands of years. It has a wide range of therapeutic effects in terms of anti‐microorganic, anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Therefore, it is urgent to thoroughly review the existing knowledge for this herb from phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic perspectives. “Yang Ti” and its English, botanical and pharmaceutical names used as keywords to perform database search which included the Encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese Medicines, PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and China Network Knowledge Infrastructure. Forty‐five compounds identified from RJH. Besides, the therapeutic effects of RJH have been summarized as well. The root of RJH contains derivatives of anthraquinones, phytosterols, nepodin, oxanthrone c‐glycosides, phenolic acid, cinnamic acid, flavonoid, epoxynaphthoquinol, triterpenoids, methoxynaphthalene, trihydroxybenzene, anthracene‐9,10‐dione, and other compounds. The extract of RJH and its chemical compounds showed the potentials as a complementary agent to exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, antisepsis, anticancer, anti‐haematological disease, anti‐dermatological disease, and antidiabetic activities. For the record, there is no study conducted on RJH regarding its pharmacokinetic aspect. Notably, Emodin may require additional attention due to its multiple organ toxicity concerns.

Rumex japonicus Houtt. Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Gut–Brain Axis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Parkinson’s Disease

“…RJ contains various functional substances: anthraquinones, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and so on [ 14 ]. Anthraquinones are known to play an important role in RJ [ 14 ].…”

“…RJ contains various functional substances: anthraquinones, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and so on [ 14 ]. Anthraquinones are known to play an important role in RJ [ 14 ]. Emodin, aloe–emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, physcion, and their derivatives are major components in anthraquinones, which play significant anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, and liver-protective roles [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…Anthraquinones are known to play an important role in RJ [ 14 ]. Emodin, aloe–emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, physcion, and their derivatives are major components in anthraquinones, which play significant anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, and liver-protective roles [ 13 , 14 ]. The methanolic extract of RJ used in the present study also contained eight kinds of major anthraquinones ( Table 1 ).…”

“…The optimized MS conditions were as follows: gas flow 9 L/min, gas temperature 300 °C, nebulizer 45 psi, capillary voltage 4000 V, skimmer voltage 65 V, octopole RF voltage 750 V, fragmentor voltage 175 V. The obtained mass spectra were processed using Acquisition Software Version, 6200 series TOF/6500 series Q-TOF B.05.01 (B5125.1). The components were identified based on chromatographic retention time, formulation composition, references [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and database PubChem (available online: (accessed on 26 October 2021)).…”

Bactericidal and antibiofilm properties of Rumex japonicus Houtt. on multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk

“…Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, and it contains a variety of phytochemical constituents, including anthraquinones, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and triterpenoids (Sun et al, 2020). With various chemical scaffolds and complex structures, these phytochemicals in RJH could potentiate its antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria (Gyawali and Ibrahim, 2014).…”