Salmonella Species' Persistence and Their High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Flooded Man-Made Rivers in China

Abstract

Man-made rivers, owing to proximity to human habitats, facilitate transmission of salmonellosis to humans. To determine the contamination situation by Salmonella in flooded man-made rivers and thereafter the exposure risk to public health, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species and their antimicrobial resistance in such rivers, as well as the relationship between the incidence of local infectious diarrhea cases and the number of Salmonella isolates from patients. After a heavy flood, 95 isolates of 13 Salmonella serotypes were isolated from 80 river water samples. The two most prevalent serotypes were Typhimurium and Derby. Eight Salmonella serotypes were newly detected after the flood. Overall, 50 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and/or cefotaxime and carried at least bla. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Rissen, and Indiana were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carried at least one of bla and bla genes. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Agona, Rissen, and Indiana were resistant to ciprofloxacin and had gyrA mutations. Isolates of Typhimurium, Derby, and Indiana were concurrently ciprofloxacin resistant and ESBL producing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis illustrates the circulation of two dominant clones of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates among patients, river, and food. High prevalence of various highly pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serotypes shows that man-made rivers are prone to heavy contamination with Salmonella, and as a result put public health at greater risk.

Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella enterica in Rural Areas of North Carolina After Hurricane Florence in 2018

“…We also found that ARG profiles of S. enterica isolates cultured from both flooded and unflooded samples were similar, suggesting that the 2018 flooding did not spread ARG detected in S. enterica isolates. This finding is consistent with the study conducted by Song et al (2018), which found that antibiotic resistance was prevalent in Salmonella spp. in flooded human-made rivers.…”

“…In natural disasters such as flood events, livestock may experience a higher level of stress, and their immune system will be weakened as a result (Filipe et al, 2020), increasing the susceptibility of agricultural animals to Salmonella infections (Stevens et al, 2009). Previous studies show that Salmonella were prevalent and also resistant to antibiotics after flood events in rural settings (Bergholz et al, 2016;Divakaran et al, 2019;Song et al, 2018). For these earlier studies, Salmonella was detected and quantified by culturing samples on solid, selective microbiological culture media.…”

“…Previous studies show that Salmonella were prevalent and also resistant to antibiotics after flood events in rural settings (Bergholz et al, 2016;Divakaran et al, 2019;Song et al, 2018). For these earlier studies, Salmonella was detected and quantified by culturing samples on solid, selective microbiological culture media.…”

Study on antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins

“…It has become one of the major pathogens of nosocomial and foodborne infection and food poisoning. And it is more common in food poisoning and sepsis of infants and young children 11,12 . Salmonella typhimurium L forms often occur in patients after β-lactam antibiotic treatment, resulting in chronic infection.…”

Understanding the Impact of Rainfall on Diarrhea: Testing the Concentration-Dilution Hypothesis Using a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…(1) Yes (2) Unable to test (1a) These associations were strongest for bacterial and all-cause diarrhea (1b) The strongest positive associations were 4-7 days after flood events (2) Studies often did not report the length of flood events in the literature 26 articles (Abu and Codjoe 2018, Cash et al 2014, Cesa et al 2016, Colston et al 2020, Deilami et al 2017, Fredrick et al 2015Gao et al 2016, Gertler et al 2015, Gong et al 2019, Jones et al 2016, Koley et al 2014, Liu X et al 2016, Liu Z et al 2018, Martinez et al 2016, Natuzzi et al 2016, Rosinger 2018, Saulnier et al 2018, Song Q et al 2018, Thompson et al 2015…”