<i>Science and Civilisation in China</i>

Needham, Joseph; Simpson, J. Arol

doi:10.1063/1.3050878

Cited by 328 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, the Chinese box-bellows was a double-acting force and suction pump, which at each stroke expelled the air from one side of the piston while drawing in an equal amount of air on the other side. This shared a "close formal resemblance" to Watt's engine and, by the lateseventeenth century, the Chinese had developed a steam turbine [21]. Moreover, Chinese breakthroughs in gun manufacturing were significant, enabling the later invention of the steam-engine (given that the cannon or gun is in effect a one-cylinder combustion engine).…”

Section: Indian and Chinese Origins Of The British Industrial Revolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is now a significant literature that re-casts these epistemic revolutions in an eastern light, wherein many of the key breakthroughs found their invention earlier in India, China but most especially in Islamic West Asia and the Levant [2,10,11,13,14,17,21,22,23,24,26]. Islamic breakthroughs in mathematics, many of which were reliant upon previous Indian breakthroughs (to be discussed below), especially that of algebra and trigonometry, were pivotal.…”

Section: Indian West Asian and Chinese Influences On The Rise Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Eastern Origins of the Rise of the West and the “Return” of Asia

Hobson

2015

East Asia

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Section: Indian and Chinese Origins Of The British Industrial Revolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indian West Asian and Chinese Influences On The Rise Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

The Eastern Origins of the Rise of the West and the “Return” of Asia

Hobson

2015

East Asia

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“…It first appeared in I Ching, a Chinese classic book, as a Chinese cosmological term for the "Supreme Ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which Yin and Yang originate, contrasted with the Wuchi ("Without Ultimate"). Common English translations of the cosmological Tai Chi are the "Supreme Ultimate" (Blanc 1985, Zhang & Ryden 2002 or "Great Ultimate" (Robinet 2008); but other versions are the "Supreme Pole" (Needham & Ronan 1978), "Great Absolute", or "Supreme Polarity" (Adler 1999). To put it simply, it refers to the source or beginning of the world.…”

Section: The Definition Of Tai Chi and Tai Chi Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

On Chinese Tai Chi Culture: Contemporary Values and International Communication

Zhang¹

2016

ASS

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As one indispensable part of traditional Chinese culture, Tai Chi has a long history with more than five thousand years. Today as society is developing in such a fast pace, Tai Chi is also displaying its unique contemporary values, mainly including the aesthetic value, the medical value, the economic value, the psychological value and the interpersonal value. Tai Chi is not only a type of martial arts, but it also represents a philosophical viewpoint, a rewarding way to keep health, a medical treatment of various diseases, an unconventional life attitude. However, Tai Chi not only belongs to Chinese people, but to all people in the world. To promote the international communication of Tai Chi culture, five effective approaches are to be followed, mainly in terms of academic communication, governmental cooperation, non-governmental cooperation, combination of theory and practice, and development of Tai Chi cultural industry.

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“…We find that the repression of intellectual elites led to fewer individuals entering the imperial examinations. In addition to this short-run effect, we show 1 Including Max Weber (1946, 416) and Joseph Needham (1995). Huff (1993, 275-314) explores how the imperial examination system shaped science and innovation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Literary Inquisition: The Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China

Koyama

Xue

2015

SSRN Journal

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Imperial China used an empire-wide system of examinations to select civil servants. Using a semiparametric matching-based difference-in-differences estimator, we show that the persecution of scholar-officials led to a decline in the number of examinees at the provincial and prefectural level. To explore the long-run impact of literary inquisitions we employ a model to show that persecutions could reduce the provision of basic education and have a lasting effect on human capital accumulation. Using the 1982 census we find that literary inquisitions reduced literacy by between 2.25 and 4 percentage points at a prefectural level in the early 20th century. This corresponds to a 69% increase in the probability of an individual being illiterate. Prefectures affected by the literary inquisition had a higher proportion of workers in agriculture until the 1990s.

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Science and Civilisation in China

Cited by 328 publications

References 0 publications

The Eastern Origins of the Rise of the West and the “Return” of Asia

The Eastern Origins of the Rise of the West and the “Return” of Asia

On Chinese Tai Chi Culture: Contemporary Values and International Communication

The Literary Inquisition: The Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China

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