<i>Sporothrix Schenckii</i>
            Complex And Sporotrichosis, An Emerging Health Problem

López-Romero, Everardo; Reyes-Montes, María del Roció; Pérez‐Torres, Armando; Ruiz-Baca, Estela; Villagómez-Castro, Julio C.; Mora-Montes, Héctor M.; Flores-Carreón, Arturo; Toriello, Conchita

doi:10.2217/fmb.10.157

Cited by 164 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…Members of Sporothrix species are fungal pathogens associated with sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous disease of humans and animals, especially felines (10)(11)(12). The infection is mediated by the traumatic inoculation of fungal elements into the cutaneous/subcutaneous tissues or, occasionally, by inhalation followed by pulmonary lesions.…”

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Asexual Propagation of a Virulent Clone Complex in a Human and Feline Outbreak of Sporotrichosis

et al. 2015

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Sporotrichosis is one of the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infections in humans and animals caused by members of the plant-associated, dimorphic genus Sporothrix. Three of the four medically important Sporothrix species found in Brazil have been considered asexual as no sexual stage has ever been reported in Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, or Sporothrix globosa. We have identified the mating type (MAT) loci in the S. schenckii (strain 1099-18/ATCC MYA-4821) and S. brasiliensis (strain 5110/ATCC MYA-4823) genomes by using comparative genomic approaches to determine the mating type ratio in these pathogen populations. Our analysis revealed the presence of a MAT1-1 locus in S. schenckii while a MAT1-2 locus was found in S. brasiliensis representing genomic synteny to other Sordariomycetes. Furthermore, the components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-pheromone pathway, pheromone processing enzymes, and meiotic regulators have also been identified in the two pathogens, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction. The ratio of MAT1-1 to MAT1-2 was not significantly different from 1:1 for all three Sporothrix species, but the population of S. brasiliensis in the outbreaks originated from a single mating type. We also explored the population genetic structure of these pathogens using sequence data of two loci to improve our knowledge of the pattern of geographic distribution, genetic variation, and virulence phenotypes. Population genetics data showed significant population differentiation and clonality with a low level of haplotype diversity in S. brasiliensis isolates from different regions of sporotrichosis outbreaks in Brazil. In contrast, S. schenckii isolates demonstrated a high degree of genetic variability without significant geographic differentiation, indicating the presence of recombination. This study demonstrated that two species causing the same disease have contrasting reproductive strategies and genetic variability patterns.

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Asexual Propagation of a Virulent Clone Complex in a Human and Feline Outbreak of Sporotrichosis

et al. 2015

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“…porotrichosis is a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis with areas of high endemicity (11,21) that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii (22). Sporotrichosis has been regarded as a job-related disease occurring as isolated cases or small outbreaks affecting people exposed to plants or soil (1, 6, 7).…”

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Rapid Identification of Sporothrix Species by T3B Fingerprinting

et al. 2012

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bThis article describes PCR fingerprinting using the universal primer T3B to distinguish among species of the Sporothrix complex, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, and S. schenckii. This methodology generated distinct banding patterns, allowing the correct identification of all 35 clinical isolates at the species level, confirmed by partial calmodulin (CAL) gene sequence analyses. This methodology is simple, reliable, rapid, and cheap, making it an ideal routine identification system for clinical mycology laboratories. Sporotrichosis is a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis with areas of high endemicity (11,21) that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii (22). Sporotrichosis has been regarded as a job-related disease occurring as isolated cases or small outbreaks affecting people exposed to plants or soil (1, 6, 7). Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, is a region of sporotrichosis hyperendemicity where several human and animal cases have been described since 1998 (5, 23).The diagnosis of sporotrichosis is attained by clinical, epidemiological, and laboratorial data, including culture and analysis of phenotypic characteristics. The first description of PCR for sporotrichosis' diagnosis was reported in 2001 (9). A diagnostic nested PCR assay targeting the S. schenckii 18S rRNA gene was further evaluated and showed high sensitivity and specificity, indicating that PCR may be clinically useful for diagnosis (8).S. schenckii was long considered a single taxon, although great genetic variation within this species has been described (10). By associating phenotypic and genotypic features, Marimon et al. (13) recognized three new species, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix mexicana, and proposed an identification key for these Sporothrix species. S. globosa has worldwide distribution (12, 18), whereas S. brasiliensis is apparently restricted to Brazil (13) and S. mexicana to Mexican environmental samples (13), although the latter was recently identified in Portugal (3). Additionally, these authors have proposed the promotion of S. schenckii var. luriei to the status of a new species, Sporothrix luriei (14). However, identification based only on phenotypic characteristics is often inconclusive due to phenotypic variability within these species. Therefore, new rapid and reliable identification strategies are necessary (19).Analysis of tRNA intergenic spacers was first used to distinguish Streptococcus species (15). It has also been applied successfully for Candida identification (2,16,24). Here, we evaluate T3B PCR fingerprinting to differentiate clinical Sporothrix strains at the species level in comparison to analysis of partial calmodulin (CAL) gene sequences (19).Thirty-five Sporothrix spp. isolates from the Fungal Culture Collection of IPEC/Fiocruz were included in this study approved by the Ethics Commission of the same institution. Among them, S. brasiliensis type strain CBS 120339 (IPEC16490), S. globosa IPEC27135 (18), S. schenckii IPEC29334 (IOC1226) (19), and S. m...

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“…Although Sporothrix schenckii is the main human pathogen, genetic sequencing indicates that the S. schenckii complex is comprised of several species: S. albicans, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. schencki (7,8).…”

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confidence: 99%