<i>SYMBIODINIUM</i> (PYRRHOPHYTA) GENOME SIZES (DNA CONTENT) ARE SMALLEST AMONG DINOFLAGELLATES<sup>1</sup>

LaJeunesse, Todd C.; Lambert, Georgina M.; Andersen, Robert A.; Coffroth, Mary Alice; Galbraith, David W.

doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2005.04231.x

Cited by 219 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Symbiont abundances (per coral surface area), higher in M. meandrites than in the other two species, are known to be a species-specific trait and probably related to threedimensional space availability within the coral tissue [8] and to the genetically constrained cell size of particular symbiont lineages. [52] Although Symbiodinium numbers inside the coral tissue are known to vary over time and space for individual species, [36,53] neither time of the day nor depth explained their variation in the current study. Approximately 60 % of the variation in DMSP concentration per unit area was, according to our multiple linear regression models, explained by symbiont abundance within the tissue (see Fig.…”

Section: Dmsp Concentration In Coral Tissue and De Novo Productionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Frade¹,

Schwaninger²,

Glasl³

et al. 2016

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Corals produce copious amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a sulfur compound implicated in climate regulation. We studied DMSP concentrations inside corals and unveiled the linkage between DMSP availability and the abundance of DMSP-degrading bacterial groups inhabiting the corals' surface. Our findings suggest that DMSP mediates the interplay between corals and microbes, highlighting the importance of sulfur compounds for microbial processes in corals and for the resilience of coral reef ecosystems.Abstract. Corals produce copious amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a sulfur compound thought to play a role in structuring coral-associated bacterial communities. We tested the hypothesis that a linkage exists between DMSP availability in coral tissues and the community dynamics of bacteria in coral surface mucus. We determined DMSP concentrations in three coral species (Meandrina meandrites, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea) at two sampling depths (5 and 25 m) and times of day (dawn and noon) at Curaçao, Southern Caribbean. DMSP concentration (4-409 nmol cm À2 coral surface) varied with host species-specific traits such as Symbiodinium cell abundance, but not with depth or time of sampling. Exposure of corals to air caused a doubling of their DMSP concentration. The phylogenetic affiliation of mucus-associated bacteria was examined by clone libraries targeting three main subclades of the bacterial DMSP demethylase gene (dmdA). dmdA gene abundance was determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) against a reference housekeeping gene (recA). Overall, a higher availability of DMSP corresponded to a lower relative abundance of the dmdA gene, but this pattern was not uniform across all host species or bacterial dmdA subclades, suggesting the existence of distinct DMSP microbial niches or varying dmdA DMSP affinities. This is the first study quantifying dmdA gene abundance in corals and linking related changes in the community dynamics of DMSP-degrading bacteria to DMSP availability. Our study suggests that DMSP mediates the regulation of microbes by the coral host and highlights the significance of sulfur compounds for microbial processes in coral reefs.

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Section: Dmsp Concentration In Coral Tissue and De Novo Productionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Frade¹,

Schwaninger²,

Glasl³

et al. 2016

Environ. Chem.

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“…The different zooxanthellae genotypes vary in cell size between 6-15 µm (Fig. 4), with the size of the cell directly correlating to genome size (= DNA content) (LaJeunesse et al, 2005).…”

Section: The Enhanced Respiratory (R) Cost Resulting From a Large Nummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…diatoms (Geider et al, 1986)) there appears to exist a general size-dependent relationship, with smaller zooxanthellae types corresponding with higher MI (Wilkerson et al, 1988). This size-dependent MI relationship may relate to the cell size dependence of DNA content (LaJeunesse et al, 2005) and/or the cell size dependence of key metabolic rates (Fitt, 1985).…”

Section: The Enhanced Respiratory (R) Cost Resulting From a Large Nummentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae

Wooldridge

2013

Biogeosciences

130

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Impairment of the photosynthetic machinery of the algal endosymbiont ("zooxanthellae") is the proximal driver of the thermal breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis ("coral bleaching"). Yet, the initial site of damage, and early dynamics of the impairment are still not well resolved. In this perspective essay, I consider further a recent hypothesis which proposes an energetic disruption to the carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) of the coral host, and the resultant onset of CO₂-limitation within the photosynthetic "dark reactions" as a unifying cellular mechanism. The hypothesis identifies the enhanced retention of photosynthetic carbon for zooxanthellae (re)growth following an initial irradiance-driven expulsion event as a strong contributing cause of the energetic disruption. If true, then it implies that the onset of the bleaching syndrome and setting of upper thermal bleaching limits are emergent attributes of the coral symbiosis that are ultimately underpinned by the characteristic growth profile of the intracellular zooxanthellae; which is known to depend not just on temperature, but also external (seawater) nutrient availability and zooxanthellae genotype. Here, I review this proposed bleaching linkage at a variety of observational scales, and find it to be parsimonious with the available evidence. Future experiments are suggested that can more formally test the linkage. If correct, the new cellular model delivers a valuable new perspective to consider the future prospects of the coral symbiosis in an era of rapid environmental change, including: (i) the underpinning mechanics (and biological significance) of observed changes in resident zooxanthellae genotypes, and (ii) the now crucial importance of reef water quality in co-determining thermal bleaching resistance

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“…They are known to contain large amounts of DNA (LaJeunesse et al, 2005) with a high proportion of unusual bases (Rae, 1976;Rae and Steele, 1978), which is not organized into chromatin (Haapala and Soyer, 1974;Rizzo, 2003), as there are no detectable histone proteins (Rizzo and Noodén, 1972;Rizzo, 1985), though mRNAs of all the components required to manufacture and modify nucleosomes were identified (Bayer et al, 2012;Roy and Morse, 2012). They are major contributors to global primary production (Field et al, 1998), promote biodiversity through their symbiosis with anthozoans in coral reefs (Muscatine et al, 1981), and can form the harmful algal blooms (HABs) commonly called "red tides" (Anderson et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

2013

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Dinoflagellates are microscopic, eukaryotic, and primarily marine plankton. Temporary cyst formation is a well-known physiological response of dinoflagellate cells to environmental stresses. However, the molecular underpinnings of cold-induced cyst physiology have never been described. Cultures of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum readily form temporary cysts when placed at low (8°C 6 1°C) temperature and excyst to form normal motile cells following a return to normal temperature (18°C 6 1°C). The normal circadian bioluminescence rhythm and the expected changes in Luciferin Binding Protein abundance were arrested in L. polyedrum cysts. Furthermore, after excystment, the bioluminescence rhythm initiates at a time corresponding to zeitgeber 12, independent of the time when the cells encysted. Phosphoprotein staining after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as well as column-based phosphoprotein enrichment followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, showed cyst proteins are hypophosphorylated when compared with those from motile cells, with the most marked decreases found for predicted Casein Kinase2 target sites. In contrast to the phosphoproteome, the cyst proteome is not markedly different from motile cells, as assessed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to changes in the phosphoproteome, RNA sequencing revealed that cysts show a significant decrease in the levels of 132 RNAs. Of the 42 RNAs that were identified by sequence analysis, 21 correspond to plastid-encoded gene products and 11 to nuclear-encoded cell wall/plasma membrane components. Our data are consistent with a model in which the highly reduced metabolism in cysts is achieved primarily by alterations in the phosphoproteome. The stalling of the circadian rhythm suggests temporary cysts may provide an interesting model to address the circadian system of dinoflagellates.

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SYMBIODINIUM (PYRRHOPHYTA) GENOME SIZES (DNA CONTENT) ARE SMALLEST AMONG DINOFLAGELLATES¹

Cited by 219 publications

References 44 publications

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

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SYMBIODINIUM (PYRRHOPHYTA) GENOME SIZES (DNA CONTENT) ARE SMALLEST AMONG DINOFLAGELLATES1

Cited by 219 publications

References 44 publications

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in corals and its interrelations with bacterial assemblages in coral surface mucus

Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

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SYMBIODINIUM (PYRRHOPHYTA) GENOME SIZES (DNA CONTENT) ARE SMALLEST AMONG DINOFLAGELLATES¹