The close ofthe 1980s saw many trials and applications ofjiber in the loop or FITL. Most delivered traditional telephony (i.e., narrowband) services to the home, but a few provided both narrowband and entertainment video (i.e., broadband) services. During thattime, the local-exchange carriers (LECs) also formulated theirobjectives and strategies for deploying FITL. As they gained a betterunderstanding ofthe marketplace and the political realities ofdelivering video services, the LECs adopted an FITL-deployment strategy based on strict cost-effectiveness for the delivery oftraditional telephone services. However, any fiber-optic access architecture theyadopt has to supportbroadband services in the future. To address the costand service challenges ofFITL, the LECs and vendors must continually evaluate many alternative access architectures to identify potential advantages that can help fiber access achieve costparity with copper access. Total system costs must be considered including electrical and optical components, powering system, fiber and cable components, and life-cycle costs (Le., administration, maintenance, assignment, and provisioning operations).