<i>The Principles of Cloud Chamber Technique</i>

Wilson, J. G.; Neddermeyer, Seth H.

doi:10.1063/1.3067096

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…In the thermal evaporation process, the base pressure is normally less than 10 26 torr, although the pressure increases to 10 23 -10 24 torr during the evaporation process. Experimentally, it has been confirmed that 9 charged or neutral clusters are generated during thermal evaporation of metals. 11,25,69 It appears that those clusters are formed in the gas phase instead of being emitted directly from evaporating metals.…”

Section: Effect Of Bias On Deposition Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Charged clusters in thin film growth

Hwang¹,

Kim²

2004

International Materials Reviews

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A cauliflower structure is a granular film composed of spherical particles similar in size, each with numerous nanoscale nodules on its surface. The structure is produced during certain chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes for diamond and silicon thin film growth. A classical account in terms of atomic unit deposition fails to explain the growth of such a cauliflower structure, as it requires a gas phase of much higher supersaturation than for onset of diffusion controlled growth. Another interesting and somewhat puzzling phenomenon encountered during a diamond CVD process is that while diamond is depositing on a graphite substrate, carbon atoms in the graphite itself are etched away into the vapour phase; that is, experience evaporation. Again, an elementary kinetic barrier mechanism fails to explain such CVD deposition of a less stable diamond phase combined with simultaneous evaporation of a stable graphite phase. In order to account for such puzzling CVD phenomena and others, a theory of charged clusters has been developed over the past decade as a new paradigm for thin film growth. The theory and its applications are reviewed in this work.

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Section: Effect Of Bias On Deposition Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The resultant ions act as a centre for nucleation, forming charged clusters. 9,10 In the second case, clusters are formed first and these clusters undergo surface ionisation on a heated surface. 11,12 The TCC was developed while studying the growth mechanism of CVD diamond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged clusters in thin film growth

Hwang¹,

Kim²

2004

International Materials Reviews

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“…[16,17]) and the cloud chamber (with a magnet) for discovery of antimatter (positrons) in cosmic rays (Refs. [11][12][13][14][15]). In addition other strange tracks, associated with so-called V particles that produced forked tracks, also were seen on rare occasion in cosmic rays (Refs.…”

Section: Early Development Of the Bubble Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11]), together with cloud chambers, the latter often used as an IT large-volume but low-density tracking detector (Refs. [11][12][13][14][15]), were the main instruments used in the late 1920s through the 1950s in cosmic ray research. Both led to important discoveries e.g.…”

Section: Early Development Of the Bubble Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

History of the bubble chamber and related active- and internal-target nuclear tracking detectors

Becchetti¹

2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…It has long been recognized that conclensation requires nucleation (see, for example, Wilson 1951). Dust particles in water-saturated air are known to be very effective as condensation nuclei.…”

Section: The Mechanisln Of Condensationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CONDENSATION OF SUPERSATURATED He⁴ VAPOR IN A CLOUD CHAMBER

Edwards¹,

Woodbury²

1960

Can. J. Phys.

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The critical supercooling, AT,, required to produce visible condensation in pressure-limited adiabatic expansions of presumably ion-free saturated He"apor has been measured in a small glass cloitd chamber. The transient gas temperatures were measured during expansions by using a carbon resistance thermometer in a Wheatstone bridge. An oscilloscope was used in place of a galvano~neter, and its trace was photographed during expansions. Low-amplitude temperature oscillations in the gas, which might not normally have been detected, were frequently observed in the early stages of this work. These oscillations either appeared spontaneously ("Taconis Resonances"), or could be shock-excited by an expansion. These oscillations were subsequently eliminated. Condensation thresholds were then measured using starting temperatures from 4.2 to 1.7" K. AT, dropped from about 50 to 60 mdeg above the h point to less than 20 mdeg below the h point. The critical supersaturations required to produce condensation were thus always less than 10570. The supersaturations were calci~lated without making the usual, but highly implausible, assuniption that the expanding gas is ideal. Assuming that the condensation nuclei are embryonic droplets arising accidentally from density fluctuations in the supersaturated vapor, the critical droplet radius is found to be about 10-Qm above 2.5" I<, although the theoretical treat~nent here is not rigorous. i 2. E X P E R I M E N T S Apparatus and MethodT h e condensation cloud chamber used (Fig. 1) consisted of a glass chamber C of about 110 cm3 volun~e, which had a n offset lower tip L. T h e chamber was 'Manuscript Can. J. Phys. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Santa Cruz (UCSC) on 11/16/14For personal use only.

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The Principles of Cloud Chamber Technique

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Charged clusters in thin film growth

Charged clusters in thin film growth

History of the bubble chamber and related active- and internal-target nuclear tracking detectors

CONDENSATION OF SUPERSATURATED He⁴ VAPOR IN A CLOUD CHAMBER

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The Principles of Cloud Chamber Technique

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Charged clusters in thin film growth

Charged clusters in thin film growth

History of the bubble chamber and related active- and internal-target nuclear tracking detectors

CONDENSATION OF SUPERSATURATED He4 VAPOR IN A CLOUD CHAMBER

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CONDENSATION OF SUPERSATURATED He⁴ VAPOR IN A CLOUD CHAMBER