<i>Vibrio fluvialis</i>in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India

Chowdhury, Goutam; Pazhani, Gururaja P.; Dutta, D; Guin, Sucharita; Dutta, Sachinandan; Ghosh, Santanu; Izumiya, Hidemasa; Asakura, Masahiro; Yamasaki, Shinji; Takeda, Yoshifumi; Arakawa, Eiji; Watanabe, Haruo; Mukhopadhyay, Asish K.; Bhattacharya, Mihir; Rajendran, K.; Nair, G. Balakrish; Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan

doi:10.3201/eid1811.120520

Cited by 38 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…V. cholerae is the second closest species to V. fluvialis. Species-specific minimal biochemical tests are used to identify V. fluvialis; without these tests, V. fluvialis may be confused with V. cholerae (5). Utilizations of arginine, lysine, and ornithine are the major biochemical tests used to differentiate the species V. fluvialis and V. cholerae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Genetic Bases of Vibrio fluvialis Species-Specific Biochemical Pathways and Potential Virulence Factors by Comparative Genomic Analysis

Lü

Liang

Wang

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dVibrio fluvialis is an important food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. In this study, we sequenced the genome of a clinical V. fluvialis strain and determined its phylogenetic relationships with other Vibrio species by comparative genomic analysis. We found that the closest relationship was between V. fluvialis and V. furnissii, followed by those with V. cholerae and V. mimicus. Moreover, based on genome comparisons and gene complementation experiments, we revealed genetic mechanisms of the biochemical tests that differentiate V. fluvialis from closely related species. Importantly, we identified a variety of genes encoding potential virulence factors, including multiple hemolysins, transcriptional regulators, and environmental survival and adaptation apparatuses, and the type VI secretion system, which is indicative of complex regulatory pathways modulating pathogenesis in this organism. The availability of V. fluvialis genome sequences may promote our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms for this emerging pathogen. Vibrio fluvialis is a Gram-negative, oxidase-producing, halophilic bacterium that is normally found in coastal water and seafood. Clinically, V. fluvialis has been implicated as a cause of gastroenteritis with diarrhea (1) and even wound infection with primary septicemia in immunocompromised individuals (2). In an epidemic situation, V. fluvialis behaved more aggressively than Vibrio cholerae O1, having a higher attack rate and a different clinical picture in the population (3). The gastrointestinal illness caused by this pathogen is usually associated with the consumption of raw or improperly cooked seafood. Additionally, this bacterium causes significant economic loss, like in the lobster industries of the eastern coasts of the United States and Canada (4). Therefore, V. fluvialis has gained importance as an epidemic-causing Vibrio, especially in coastal areas.V. fluvialis was broadly defined as a nonagglutinating Vibrio species (5). It was first isolated in 1975 from patients with severe diarrhea (6) and was originally called "group F Vibrios" by Furniss et al. and "EF-6 Vibrios" by the Centers for Disease Control (6, 7). Both phenotypic tests and DNA relatedness indicated that these organisms were much closer to the genus Vibrio than to the genus Aeromonas (8). In some taxonomic studies, group F was separated into two subgroups based on gas production during glucose fermentation (9, 10). The aerogenic group F strains were in a different DNA relatedness group from the anaerogenic strains, and the two biogroups were separated into two species within the genus Vibrio (8). The name V. fluvialis was proposed for both aerogenic and anaerogenic strains of group F and the synonymous group EF-6. However, only anaerogenic strains have been isolated from human samples, even though both aerogenic and anaerogenic strains of V. fluvialis have been found in the environment (11). Subsequently, the aerogenic strains of group F were confirmed to be...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fluvialis was broadly defined as a nonagglutinating Vibrio species (5). It was first isolated in 1975 from patients with severe diarrhea (6) and was originally called "group F Vibrios" by Furniss et al and "EF-6 Vibrios" by the Centers for Disease Control (6,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Genetic Bases of Vibrio fluvialis Species-Specific Biochemical Pathways and Potential Virulence Factors by Comparative Genomic Analysis

Lü

Liang

Wang

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The name V. fluvialis was proposed later by Lee et al (1981). Since its discovery, the microbe has been implicated in both outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhea (Huq et al, 1980; Bellet et al, 1989; Klontz and Desenclos, 1990; Srinivasan et al, 2006; Bhattacharjee et al, 2010; Chowdhury et al, 2012), as well as various extra-intestinal infections (Huang and Hsu, 2005; Ratnaraja et al, 2005; Lai et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2011). Infection by V. fluvialis is most common in infants, children, and young adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization and Conditional Regulation of the Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio fluvialis

Huang

Zhao

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen of increasing public health concern. The mechanism(s) that contribute to the bacterial survival and disease are still poorly understood. In other bacterial species, type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are known to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by exerting toxic effects on host cells or competing bacterial species. In this study, we characterized the genetic organization and prevalence of two T6SS gene clusters (VflT6SS1 and VflT6SS2) in V. fluvialis. VflT6SS2 harbors three “orphan” hcp-vgrG modules and was more prevalent than VflT6SS1 in our isolates. We showed that VflT6SS2 is functionally active under low (25°C) and warm (30°C) temperatures by detecting the secretion of a T6SS substrate, Hcp. This finding suggests that VflT6SS2 may play an important role in the survival of the bacterium in the aquatic environment. The secretion of Hcp is growth phase-dependent and occurs in a narrow range of the growth phase (OD600 from 1.0 to 2.0). Osmolarity also regulates the function of VflT6SS2, as evidenced by our finding that increasing salinity (from 170 to 855 mM of NaCl) and exposure to high osmolarity KCl, sucrose, trehalose, or mannitol (equivalent to 340 mM of NaCl) induced significant secretion of Hcp under growth at 30°C. Furthermore, we found that although VflT6SS2 was inactive at a higher temperature (37°C), it became activated at this temperature if higher salinity conditions were present (from 513 to 855 mM of NaCl), indicating that it may be able to function under certain conditions in the infected host. Finally, we showed that the functional expression of VflT6SS2 is associated with anti-bacterial activity. This activity is Hcp-dependent and requires vasH, a transcriptional regulator of T6SS. In sum, our study demonstrates that VflT6SS2 provides V. fluvialis with an enhanced competitive fitness in the marine environment, and its activity is regulated by environmental signals, such as temperature and osmolarity.

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“…V. mimicus has been reported to cause at least two outbreaks of diarrheal disease (186,187). The number of studies and case reports worldwide describing gastrointestinal infections cause by V. fluvialis seems to be increasing as well (188,189). In the United States, V. fluvialis is typically the third most common Vibrio species associated with gastroenteritis, following V. parahaemolyticus and non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae.…”

Section: Vibrio and Vibrio-like Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

2015

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SUMMARY Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease that is pervasive in both the developing and developed worlds. While for the most part bacterial gastroenteritis is self-limiting, identification of an etiological agent by bacterial stool culture is required for the management of patients with severe or prolonged diarrhea, symptoms consistent with invasive disease, or a history that may predict a complicated course of disease. Importantly, characterization of bacterial enteropathogens from stool cultures in clinical laboratories is one of the primary means by which public health officials identify and track outbreaks of bacterial gastroenteritis. This article provides guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories that perform stool cultures. The general characteristics, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of key bacterial enteropathogens are summarized. Information regarding optimal specimen collection, transport, and processing and current diagnostic tests and testing algorithms is provided. This article is an update of Cumitech 12A (P. H. Gilligan, J. M. Janda, M. A. Karmali, and J. M. Miller, Cumitech 12A, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea, 1992).

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Vibrio fluvialisin Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

Identification of Genetic Bases of Vibrio fluvialis Species-Specific Biochemical Pathways and Potential Virulence Factors by Comparative Genomic Analysis

Identification of Genetic Bases of Vibrio fluvialis Species-Specific Biochemical Pathways and Potential Virulence Factors by Comparative Genomic Analysis

Functional Characterization and Conditional Regulation of the Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio fluvialis

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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