‘I will Blow your face off’—Virtual and Physical World Anti-Muslim Hate Crime

Awan, Imran; Zempi, Irene

doi:10.1093/bjc/azv122

Cited by 47 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The connection between terrorist attacks and attitudinal change is empirically well corroborated in previous research (e.g., Legewie, 2013;Walters et al, 2016;Echebarria-Echabe and Fernández-Guede, 2006;Boomgaarden and de Vreese, 2007), while the link from attitudinal change to hate speech is usually only assumed and not directly tested (Hanes and Machin, 2014;Awan and Zempi, 2017). Akin mechanisms that imply changes in the internal states of the individuals, such as a negative emotional reaction, will also be represented by the left diagram.…”

Section: Terrorist Attacks Trigger Normative Uncertaintysupporting

confidence: 74%

“…We will explain the erosion of civic behavior by focusing on the most immediate public reaction to terrorist attacks that can usually be observed in social media: the public expression of prejudice gains traction in online environments (Awan and Zempi, 2017;Burnap et al, 2014). We will refer to this as hate speech, which is speech intended to promote hatred on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation (Gagliardone et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of the terrorist attacks as trigger events of xenophobic attitudes has lead many scholars (e.g., Hanes and Machin, 2014;Awan and Zempi, 2017) to assume that the rise in online hate results from the change in attitudes. The widespread attitudinal change argument states that terrorist attacks increase xenophobic attitudes and anti-immigrant sentiment because people perceive terrorist attacks carried out by out-group members as inter-group threats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Breakdown of Anti-Racist Norms: A Natural Experiment on Normative Uncertainty after Terrorist Attacks

Álvarez-Benjumea

Winter

2020

SSRN Journal

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Terrorist attacks can have profound consequences for the erosion of social norms, yet the causes of this erosion are not well understood. We argue that these attacks create substantial uncertainty about whether norms of civic conversation still hold. Observing breaches of these norms then leads people to express their own anti-immigrant attitudes more readily, as compared to a context where these norms are unambiguous. To test our theory, we examine (i) the impact of terrorist attacks on the level of hate speech against refugees in online discussions, and (ii) how the effect of terrorist attacks depends on the uncertainty about social norms of prejudice expression. To this end, we report on the results of a unique combination of a natural and a lab-in-the-field experiment. We exploit the occurrence of two consecutive Islamist terrorist attacks in Germany, the Würzburg and Ansbach attacks, in July 2016. Hateful comments towards refugees in an experimental online forum, but not towards other minority groups (i.e., gender rights), increased as a result of the attacks. The experiment compares the effect of the terrorist attacks in contexts where a descriptive norm against the use of hate speech is emphasized, i.e., participants observe only neutral or positive comments towards a minority group, to contexts in which the norm is ambiguous because participants observe anti-minority comments. Observing anti-immigrant comments had a considerable impact on our participants' own comments after the attacks, while observing anti-gender-rights comments did not. We end by discussing implications of the findings for the literature on social norms, sociological methods and policy.

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Section: Terrorist Attacks Trigger Normative Uncertaintysupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Breakdown of Anti-Racist Norms: A Natural Experiment on Normative Uncertainty after Terrorist Attacks

Álvarez-Benjumea

Winter

2020

SSRN Journal

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“…Anti-Muslim prejudice has become more prevalent following the Paris attack on 13 November 2015, the San Bernardino attack on 2 December 2015 and the Orlando attack on 2 June 2016, with reported hate crimes towards Muslims tripling after the 2015 attacks, including physical assaults on hijab-wearing students, arsons and vandalism at mosques, and shooting and death threats at Islamic-owned businesses (Lichtablau 2015). Victims of hate crimes were found to be more likely to suffer from emotional stress, such as depression and anxiety (Awan and Zempi 2015). Anti-Muslim immigrant prejudice is complicated with external threat, which is a similar case as with German immigrants, and well as being tied with their religion.…”

Section: Anti-muslim Prejudicementioning

confidence: 96%

The Role of Language in Anti-Immigrant Prejudice: What Can We Learn from Immigrants’ Historical Experiences?

Wei

López

2019

Social Sciences

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Prejudice remains an unpleasant experience in immigrants’ everyday lives, especially for those of stigmatized groups. In the recurring struggle of various immigrant groups, historical and contemporary events reveal the important role of language in the creation, transmission, and perpetuation of anti-immigrant prejudice. Living in an anti-immigrant climate, immigrants are frequently exposed to stigmatizing language in both political and social discourse. This may be a more significant and frequent experience for immigrants since the beginning of the 2016 United States presidential election. Although it has long been understood that language is inextricably linked with prejudice, the investigation of the role of language in creating, transmitting, and perpetuating anti-immigrant prejudice remains undeveloped in social work research. This paper provides a theoretical explanation of anti-immigrant sentiment by discussing how stigmatization has allowed for immigrants to be subjected to various forms of prejudice throughout history. Building upon prior theoretical concepts of stigma, this paper argues that being an immigrant is a stigma. This paper reviews historical and contemporary cases of prejudice against immigrants to provide evidence for how stigmatizing language transmits and perpetuates anti-immigrant prejudice in the United States and building upon prior stigma theories, defines one’s status of an immigrant to be form of stigma itself. The paper concludes with a call for appreciable attention to the role of language in anti-immigrant prejudice and the need for social workers to advocate for immigrants within higher education and in our communities to reduce such stigma though social work practice, education and research.

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“…Following these events, a sharp rise in anti-Muslim sentiments and behavior has been reported, where mosques have been the target of vandalism. Moreover, multiple incidents of acid attacks on Muslims by non-Muslims, and Islamophobic assaults on individuals with a visible Muslim identity have been recorded (Awan & Zempi, 2015;Littler & Feldman, 2015;Atta, Randall, Charalambou, Rose, 2018).…”

Section: Ukmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat, Anti-Western Hostility and Violence among European Muslims: The Mediating Role of Acculturation

Tahir¹,

Kunst²,

Sam³

2019

Preprint

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In many Western countries, the public has extensively debated factors potentially leading Muslim minoritygroup members to support violence by foreign extremist states or to commit violence themselves. Here, one central question has been whether their acculturation orientations may play a role. Combining perspectives from integrated threat theory and acculturation psychology, the present study investigated whether one reason for why threat perceptions lead to higher violent behavioral intentions among Muslims, as evidence by previous research, may be that they are related to distinct acculturation orientations. It tested this proposition in two samples comprising of Norwegian (N = 253) and British Muslims (N = 194). The more Norwegian Muslims perceived realistic threat, the more violent behavioral intentions they showed, but this relation was not mediated by acculturation. Among British Muslims, mainstream acculturation orientation was related to more violent intentions, while threat was not. In both samples, symbolic threat was associated with more support for Muslim military violence and this relationship was mediated by religious acculturation in the U.K. In contrast to previous research, symbolic threat was linked with less personal intentions to commit violence in the U.K., mediated by religious acculturation. Complementary analyses calculating acculturation strategies indicated that assimilated, and to some extend integrated, Muslims in both countries tended to show the highest violent behavioral intentions. By contrast, separated individual showed the highest level of support for Muslim military violence.Ways in which these findings can be used to counter violence and improve intergroup relations in Western ethnically diverse societies are discussed.

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‘I will Blow your face off’—Virtual and Physical World Anti-Muslim Hate Crime

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

The Breakdown of Anti-Racist Norms: A Natural Experiment on Normative Uncertainty after Terrorist Attacks

The Breakdown of Anti-Racist Norms: A Natural Experiment on Normative Uncertainty after Terrorist Attacks

The Role of Language in Anti-Immigrant Prejudice: What Can We Learn from Immigrants’ Historical Experiences?

Threat, Anti-Western Hostility and Violence among European Muslims: The Mediating Role of Acculturation

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