Ibuprofen-Loaded Chitosan–Lipid Nanoconjugate Hydrogel with Gum Arabic: Green Synthesis, Characterisation, In Vitro Kinetics Mechanistic Release Study and PGE2 Production Test

Abstract

Ibuprofen is a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medicine that is often used to treat inflammation in general. When given orally, it produces gastrointestinal issues which lead to lower patient compliance. Ibuprofen transdermal administration improves both patient compliance and the efficacy of the drug. Nanoconjugation hydrogels were proposed as a controlled transdermal delivery tool for ibuprofen. Six formulations were prepared using different compositions including chitosan, lipids, gum arabic, and polyvinyl alcohol, through ionic interaction, maturation, and freeze–thaw methods. The formulations were characterised by size, drug conjugation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further analysis of optimised hydrogels was performed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), rheology, gel fraction and swelling ability, in vitro drug release, and in vitro macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production testing. The effects of ibuprofen’s electrostatic interaction with a lipid or polymer on the physicochemical and dissolution characterisation of ibuprofen hydrogels were evaluated. The results showed that the S3 (with lipid conjugation) hydrogel provided higher conjugation efficiency and prolonged drug release compared with the S6 hydrogel.

Liposomes or Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Comparison of Both Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

“…Meanwhile, in extrusion-based loading, extruded EVs pass through small polycarbonate porous membranes, allowing target molecules present in the solution to be incorporated into the vesicles [ 165 ]. Another technique for encapsulation, known as the freeze-thawing cycle approach, entails freezing and then thawing a solution of vesicles containing the desired molecules thrice to induce uptake of the molecule [ 166 , 167 ]. The use of saponin to permeabilize the EVs membrane is another approach for drug loading.…”

Polysaccharide-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery

“…CS-LNPs loaded with IBU were packed into the hydrogel for the transdermal delivery of IBU. CS interacted with negatively charged IBU to form drug-polymer complexes, and in addition, the bioadhesive nature of CS improved the residence time of IBU at the application site [ 146 ]. This form of double encapsulation strategy provides better control of drug release.…”

Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles with a Shell Made from Nanosilver—Synthesis Methodology and Characterization of Physicochemical and Biological Properties

“…The intense band at 3300 cm −1 corresponded to the stretching vibrations of the -OH group [31]. It could also have come from the polysaccharides that are components of Arabic gum [32], as well as from the hydrogen bond formed between the oxygen atom in the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group of the polysaccharides [33]. The absorption band at 1625 cm −1 probably came from the stretching vibrations of the -C=O bond, which is characteristic for saccharides or carboxylic acids [34].…”