Ice‐tethered profilers sample the upper Arctic Ocean

Toole, John M.; Krishfield, Richard A.; Proshutinsky, Andrey; Ashjian, Carin J.; Doherty, Kenneth W.; Frye, Daniel E.; Hammar, T.R.; Kemp, John N.; Peters, Donald B.; Timmermans, Mary‐Louise; Heydt, Keith von der; Packard, G.; Shanahan, T. M.

doi:10.1029/2006eo410003

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In particular, 21 anticyclonic cold core eddies centered between 42-and 69-m depth were identified in the central Canada Basin and shown to be consistent with formation by instability of a surface front at about 80°N (Timmermans et al 2008). Meanwhile a deeper and much thicker Atlantic Layer eddy was apparently crossed twice in August 2005 by ITP 1 (Toole et al 2006). Few observations exist of these deeper features throughout the Arctic Ocean.…”

Section: B Observed Ocean Featuresmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Automated Ice-Tethered Profilers for Seawater Observations under Pack Ice in All Seasons

Krishfield

Toole

Proshutinsky

et al. 2008

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

216

226

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An automated, easily deployed Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) instrument system, developed for deployment on perennial sea ice in the polar oceans to measure changes in upper ocean water properties in all seasons, is described, and representative data from prototype instruments are presented. The ITP instrument consists of three components: a surface subsystem that sits atop an ice floe; a weighted, plastic-jacketed wire-rope tether of arbitrary length (up to 800 m) suspended from the surface element; and an instrumented underwater unit that employs a traction drive to profile up and down the wire tether. ITPs profile the water column at a programmed sampling interval; after each profile, the underwater unit transfers two files holding oceanographic and engineering data to the surface unit using an inductive modem and from the surface instrument to a shore-based data server using an Iridium transmitter. The surface instrument also accumulates battery voltage readings, buoy temperature data, and locations from a GPS receiver at a specified interval (usually every hour) and transmits those data daily. Oceanographic and engineering data are processed, displayed, and made available in near-real time (available online at http://www.whoi.edu/ itp). Six ITPs were deployed in the Arctic Ocean between 2004 and 2006 in the Beaufort gyre with various programmed sampling schedules of two to six one-way traverses per day between 10-and 750-760-m depth, providing more than 5300 profiles in all seasons (as of July 2007). The acquired CTD profile data document interesting spatial variations in the major water masses of the Canada Basin, show the double-diffusive thermohaline staircase that lies above the warm, salty Atlantic layer, measure seasonal surface mixed layer deepening, and document several mesoscale eddies. Augmenting the systems already deployed and to replace expiring systems, an international array of more than one dozen ITPs will be deployed as part of the Arctic Observing Network during the International Polar Year (IPY) period (2007-08) holding promise for more valuable real-time upper ocean observations for operational needs, to support studies of ocean processes, and to facilitate numerical model initialization and validation.

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Section: B Observed Ocean Featuresmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Here, a newly developed IBO subsystem for acquiring ocean water property observations, the ITP (Toole et al 2006), is described and representative data from prototype instruments are presented. Additional technical information and operation instructions are provided by Krishfield et al (2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Ice-Tethered Profilers for Seawater Observations under Pack Ice in All Seasons

Krishfield

Toole

Proshutinsky

et al. 2008

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

216

226

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“…Kemp et al, 2005), or the moorings can be deployed so that they are attached to the ice with a weight hanging below (e.g. Toole et al, 2006). Conventional moorings deployed in high latitude regions free of ice cover can also be affected by icebergs, which, if of large enough draught, can damage the top of near surface moorings.…”

Section: Mooring Types and Initial Design Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design strategy and methodology of the RAPID-MOC project moorings

Rayner¹,

Kanzow²

2011

uw tech: int j soc uw tech

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The use of scientific moorings is a long established method for obtaining timeseries data from the ocean, and they are often deployed for long periods at a time -sometimes for many years. As many moored instruments log data internally and are unable to transfer them to shore, moorings must be recovered for the data to be downloaded. Scientists therefore rely on not only the mooring collecting data as planned, but also the hardware surviving the deployment period. It is important to be able to predict mooring behaviour when subjected to environmental conditions at the site to ensure that they will be able to perform the required scientific tasks, such as collecting measurements at the correct depths. This paper presents the design strategy used by the Natural Environment Research Council's Rapid Climate Change Meridional Overturning Circulation (RAPID MOC) project. It discusses how the designs have evolved during subsequent deployments to improve the quality of the data collected and to reduce the risk of instrument and data loss impacting on the scientific objectives of the project.

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“…3c) required the integration of a digital-output fluorometer (model ECO-FLBBCD, WET Labs), a broadband irradiance sensor (model PAR-LOG, Satlantic), and an electromechanical protective shutter (Bioshutter II, Satlantic) into a unified payload for a McLane Research Laboratories' ice-tethered profiler (ITP; Krishfield et al 2008;Toole et al 2006). Lowpower operation was significantly more important in this polar-profiling application given the limited battery payload of an ITP.…”

Section: B Modifications To Assess Other Features and Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A General-Purpose Microcontroller-Based Framework for Integrating Oceanographic Sensors, Instruments, and Peripherals

Laney

2017

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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Sensors and instruments for basic oceanographic properties are becoming increasingly sophisticated, which both simplifies and complicates their use in field studies. This increased sophistication disproportionately affects smaller-scale observational efforts that are less likely to be well supported technically but which need to integrate instruments, sensors, and commonly needed peripheral devices in ways not envisioned by their manufacturers. A general-purpose hardware and software framework was developed around a widely used family of low-power microcontrollers to lessen the technical expertise and customization required to integrate sensors, instruments, and peripherals, and thus simplify such integration scenarios. Both the hardware and associated firmware development tools provide a range of features often required in such scenarios: serial data interfaces, analog inputs and outputs, logic lines and power-switching capability, nonvolatile storage of data and parameters for sampling or configuration, and serial communication interfaces to supervisory or telemetry systems. The microcontroller and additional components needed to implement this integration framework are small enough to encapsulate in standard cable splices, creating a small form factor ''smart cable'' that can be readily wired and programmed for a range of integration needs. An application programming library developed for this hardware provides skeleton code for functions commonly desired when integrating sensors, instruments, and peripherals. This minimizes the firmware programming expertise needed to apply this framework in many integration scenarios and thus streamlines the development of firmware for different field applications. Envisioned applications are in field programs where significant technical instrumentation expertise is unavailable or not cost effective.

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Ice‐tethered profilers sample the upper Arctic Ocean

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Automated Ice-Tethered Profilers for Seawater Observations under Pack Ice in All Seasons

Automated Ice-Tethered Profilers for Seawater Observations under Pack Ice in All Seasons

The design strategy and methodology of the RAPID-MOC project moorings

A General-Purpose Microcontroller-Based Framework for Integrating Oceanographic Sensors, Instruments, and Peripherals

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