Ice–water heat exchange during ice growth in Lake Baikal

Aslamov, Ilya; Козлов, В. В.; Kirillin, Georgiy; Mizandrontsev, I. B.; Kucher, K. M.; Макаров, М. М.; Gornov, Alexander; Granin, N. G.

doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.06.004

Cited by 29 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the modeled duration of the ice cover from October-November to May-June and the ∼ 1 m maximal ice thickness in Tibetan lakes agrees with the existing occasional field observations . The modeling results on the ice thickness may be assumed as more reliable than the ice breakup dates since ice growth is mainly governed by the ice-atmosphere heat budget (Aslamov et al, 2014;Leppäranta, 2015), which is well captured by the model. Another apparent error introduced by neglecting the under-ice radiative heating is that the mean heat content of the lake after ice-off is underestimated.…”

Section: Model Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal thermal regime and climatic trends in lakes of the Tibetan highlands

Kirillin

Wen

Shatwell

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The hydrology of the lake-rich Tibetan Plateau is important for the global climate, yet little is known about the thermal regime of Tibetan lakes due to scant data. We (i) investigated the characteristic seasonal temperature patterns and recent trends in the thermal and stratification regimes of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau and (ii) tested the performance of the one-dimensional lake parameterization scheme FLake for the Tibetan lake system. For this purpose, we combined 3 years of in situ lake temperature measurements, several decades of satellite observations, and the global reanalysis data. We chose the two largest freshwater Tibetan lakes, Ngoring and Gyaring, as study sites. The lake model FLake faithfully reproduced the specific features of the high-altitude lakes and was subsequently applied to reconstruct the vertically resolved heat transport in both lakes during the last 4 decades. The model suggested that Ngoring and Gyaring were ice-covered for about 6 months and stratified in summer for about 4 months per year with a short spring overturn and a longer autumn overturn. In summer the surface mixed boundary layer extended to 6-8 m of depth and was about 20 % shallower in the more turbid Gyaring. The thermal regime of the transparent Ngoring responded more strongly to atmospheric forcing than Gyaring, where the higher turbidity damped the response. According to the reanalysis data, air temperatures and humidity have increased, whereas solar radiation has decreased, since the 1970s. Surprisingly, the modeled mean lake temperatures did not change, nor did the phenology of the ice cover or stratification. Lake surface temperatures in summer increased only marginally. The reason is that the increase in air temperature was offset by the decrease in radiation, probably due to increasing humidity. This study demonstrates that air temperature trends are not directly coupled to lake temperatures and underscores the importance of shortwave radiation for the thermal regime of high-altitude lakes.

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Section: Model Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal thermal regime and climatic trends in lakes of the Tibetan highlands

Kirillin

Wen

Shatwell

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The heat flows in the ice and at the water-ice boundary were calculated using the ice thickness and the temperature of the ice and water. The solution of the inverse prob lem allowed determination of the coefficients of tem perature conductivity (vertical turbulent exchange) and estimation of the heat flow at the water-ice boundary [9].…”

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confidence: 99%

Field studies and some results of numerical modeling of a ring structure on Baikal ice

et al. 2015

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Geological ring structures of various sizes and ori gins are observed on the Earth's surface. In the past decade, ice ring structures on Lake Baikal were regu larly identified by satellites [1]. On April 4, 2009, these structures emerged in the western end of South Baikal and near the Svyatoi Nos Peninsula in Central Baikal [1][2][3] and were destroyed along with the ice at the end of April. The expedition for studying the ice and hydrophysical measurements in the area of the ring structure in South Baikal was organized on April 7. This work presents the results of the field studies and modeling of the currents and variations in the ice thickness.The MODIS satellite data in the visible range with a spatial resolution of 250 m (www.geol.irk.ru) were used for remote study of the ring structure. During the field studies, the ice thickness was measured and the ice cores were drilled along two sections, which transect the center of the ring structure at 51°40′35″ N, 103°52′15″ E (Fig. 1a). The measurement stations were placed in the center of the structure and 1, 2, 3, and 4 km from it along the sections and 7 and 8 km to the west and to the east, respectively, from the center along the EW section. The ice surface in the center of the structure, at its periphery, and in the area of the dark ring was visually similar. No water was visible on the ice surface, and the ice was made up of vertical crys tals. The ice thickness was 74 cm in the center, decreased to 43 cm at the distance of 2 km from the center, and increased up to more than 70 cm beyond the ring.The temperature and electric conductivity of the water column were registered by a SBE 19 profiler. The water in the center was warmer by 0.5°С and less saline (for 2 mg/kg) relative to the periphery (Fig. 1b). In spite of the higher temperature in the center, the ice thickness was similar to that beyond the structure; i.e., the temperature of the water layer was not the major factor responsible for the decrease in the ice thickness. The deepening of the thermocline in the center of the structure (Fig. 1b) indicated the presence of the ring anticyclonic current.According to the tracer movements, the maximum velocities of the water currents (3-4 cm/s) were observed at a distance of 2-3 km from the center of the Abstract-This work presents the results of complex analysis of the field data and of mathematical modeling of the ice ring structure more than 4 km across, which was identified by the space images of South Baikal in April 2009. The measurements revealed that the ice thickness was 74 cm in the center of the structure, decreased to 43 cm at a distance of 2 km, and increased up to 70 cm and more beyond the ring. The ice water in the central part was warmer by 0.5°C and less saline (for 2 mg/kg) relative to the periphery of the structure. According to the tracer movements, the maximum velocities of the ice currents (3-4 cm/s) were observed at a distance of 2-3 km from the center of the structure with minimum ice thickness. The event was modeled using several mathem...

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“…The assumption of conductive, turbulence-free IL does not hold true in large lakes, where under-ice water circulation is strong enough to produce long-lasting shear turbulence at the ice base: Aslamov et al (2014Aslamov et al ( , 2017 reported a strong, up to an order of magnitude, variability in the ice-water heat flux in Lake Baikal at synoptic time scales of several days and referred it to variations of the large-scale surface currents, as a part of geostrophic circulation in Lake Baikal. Aslamov et al (2014) also 25 demonstrated that the resulting increase of the heat supply from water to the ice cover may cancel the ice growth and produce bulk melting even at atmospheric temperatures below the freezing point of water and upward heat flux at the ice surface. Any quantitative information on mixing conditions in the IL of small [as compared to the Rossby radius, see ice-covered lakes was missing up to date.…”

Section: Simmondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the ice gets thinner, and the stratification in the IL gets stronger, the role of the wind-induced mixing in the upward heat transport from the CL to the ice base is expected to significantly increase. The effect of the shear mixing under ice on the vertical heat transport is 15 akin to the shear turbulence produced by the geostrophic circulation in ice-covered Lake Baikal (Aslamov et al, 2014(Aslamov et al, , 2017, with one important difference: a strong lake-wide circulation under ice takes place only in very large lakes, while production of shear turbulence by fluctuations of the ice cover is expected to develop in the majority of ice-covered lakes. Aslamov et al (2014Aslamov et al ( , 2017 reported heat fluxes of up to 50 W m −2 at the ice base of Lake Baikal, associated with ε = O(10 −8 ) W kg −1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This important outcome of our rough scaling analysis opens a direct way for a general parameterization of the boundary heat (and mass) flux at the ice base as a function of the boundary layer turbulence. Such a parameterization would be applicable to any shear-driven turbulent heat flow, like that produced by large-scale currents under ice in large lakes (Aslamov et al, 2014) and ice-covered seas (Peterson et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations

Kirillin¹,

Aslamov²,

Leppäranta³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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We performed a field study on mixing and vertical heat transport under ice cover of an Arctic lake. Mixing intensities were estimated from small-scale oscillations of water temperature and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates derived from current velocity fluctuations. Well-developed turbulent conditions prevailed in the stably stratified interfacial layer separating the ice base from the warmer deep waters. The source of turbulent mixing was identified as whole-lake (barotropic) oscillations of the water body driven by strong wind events over the ice surface. We derive a scaling of ice-water heat flux based on 5 dissipative Kolmogorov scales and successfully tested against measured dissipation rates and under-ice temperature gradients.The results discard the conventional assumption of nearly conductive heat transport within the stratified under-ice layer and suggest contribution of the basal heat flux into the melt of ice cover is higher than commonly assumed. Decline of the seasonal ice cover in the Arctic is currently gaining recognition as a major indicator of climate change. The heat transfer at the ice-water interface remains the least studied among the mechanisms governing the growth and melting of seasonal ice. The outcomes of 10 the study find application in heat budget of seasonal ice on inland and coastal waters. Copyright statement. Author(s) 2018 1 IntroductionSeasonal formation of ice cover is an essential feature of the hydrological regime of temperate and polar climatic zones. Freshwater lakes are, in this regard, a special class of hydrological objects, both in terms of thermal and hydrodynamic processes that 15 control the formation and melting of ice, and from the point of view of the impact of the ice regime of the global freshwater budget. The majority of world lakes is concentrated in the northern temperate and boreal environments between 40 • N and 80 • N and have the potential to freeze seasonally . Seasonally ice-covered lake systems-Lake Baikal, Laurentian Great Lakes, European Great Lakes Ladoga and Onego, lake systems of Fennoscandia and Northern Canadaaccumulate the bulk of the world's surface freshwater. Their seasonal ice regime determines climatic balance of precipitation 20 and evaporation, as well as the ecosystem state and the water quality of lakes themselves. The lakes of high latitudes remain less studied than temperate lakes, while arctic regions are reported to have the strongest air temperature increase (Screen and 1 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.

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Ice–water heat exchange during ice growth in Lake Baikal

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Seasonal thermal regime and climatic trends in lakes of the Tibetan highlands

Seasonal thermal regime and climatic trends in lakes of the Tibetan highlands

Field studies and some results of numerical modeling of a ring structure on Baikal ice

Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations

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