“…Like in developing countries (Qureshi & Qureshi, 2021) like Nepal, where online course delivery is commonplace, course facilitators have used various collaborative tools for course delivery and evaluation (Kalogiannakis & Papadakis, 2007;. These resources include Moodle's discussion forum, workshops, chat rooms, comment sections, wikis, Google Apps docs, slides, and Jamboard (Bower & Wittmann, 2009;Dahal & Pangeni, 2019;Dahal et al, 2020;Dahal et al, 2022). Universities in Nepal are increasingly using collaborative learning scenarios in their online master's, MPhil, and doctoral programs in higher education.…”