Identificación de las zonas de riesgo ofídico en Córdoba, Argentina, mediante el programa SIGEpi

Leynaud, Gerardo C.; Reati, Gustavo J.

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892009000700010

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These occurrences increase both the likelihood of encounters with snakes and the difficulty of receiving timely medical help. As a consequence, scarcity of health centers is a factor that indirectly influences the incidence of snakebites and directly (and significantly) affects the clinical outcomes of envenomations [33; 44; 65]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas

2017

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BackgroundBetter knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites could help to take measures to improve their management. The incidence and mortality of snakebites in the Americas are most often estimated from medical and scientific literature, which generally lack precision and representativeness.Methodology/Principal findingsAuthors used the notifications of snakebites treated in health centers collected by the Ministries of Health of the American countries to estimate their incidence and mortality. Data were obtained from official reports available on-line at government sites, including those of the Ministry of Health in each country and was sustained by recent literature obtained from PubMed. The average annual incidence is about 57,500 snake bites (6.2 per 100,000 population) and mortality is close to 370 deaths (0.04 per 100,000 population), that is, between one third and half of the previous estimates. The incidence of snakebites is influenced by the abundance of snakes, which is related to (i) climate and altitude, (ii) specific preferences of the snake for environments suitable for their development, and (iii) human population density. Recent literature allowed to notice that the severity of the bites depends mainly on (i) the snake responsible for the bite (species and size) and (ii) accessibility of health care, including availability of antivenoms.Conclusions/SignificancesThe main limitation of this study could be the reliability and accuracy of the notifications by national health services. However, the data seemed consistent considering the similarity of the incidences on each side of national boundaries while the sources are distinct. However, snakebite incidence could be underestimated due to the use of traditional medicine by the patients who escaped the reporting of cases. However, gathered data corresponded to the actual use of the health facilities, and therefore to the actual demand for antivenoms, which should make it possible to improve their management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas

2017

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“…In order to reduce variability caused by unequal population size in municipalities, we estimated the smoothed snakebite incidence (expressed per 100,000 inhabitants over this ten year period) using the tool for automated spatial Bayesian smoothing of incidence rates available in SIGEpi v 1.4 [47]. Smoothed incidence was linked to the dataset of municipalities.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Ecological Niche Modeling to Infer Potential Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMany authors have claimed that snakebite risk is associated with human population density, human activities, and snake behavior. Here we analyzed whether environmental suitability of vipers can be used as an indicator of snakebite risk. We tested several hypotheses to explain snakebite incidence, through the construction of models incorporating both environmental suitability and socioeconomic variables in Veracruz, Mexico.Methodology/Principal FindingsEcological niche modeling (ENM) was used to estimate potential geographic and ecological distributions of nine viper species' in Veracruz. We calculated the distance to the species' niche centroid (DNC); this distance may be associated with a prediction of abundance. We found significant inverse relationships between snakebites and DNCs of common vipers (Crotalus simus and Bothrops asper), explaining respectively 15% and almost 35% of variation in snakebite incidence. Additionally, DNCs for these two vipers, in combination with marginalization of human populations, accounted for 76% of variation in incidence.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results suggest that niche modeling and niche-centroid distance approaches can be used to mapping distributions of environmental suitability for venomous snakes; combining this ecological information with socioeconomic factors may help with inferring potential risk areas for snakebites, since hospital data are often biased (especially when incidences are low).

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“…As such the smoothed incidence estimates give a more stable picture of the actual risk of snakebites than the raw incidence data, making interpretation easier and giving a better basis for decision-making [26]. Spatial smoothing was also used by Leynaud and Reati [21] in their study of snakebite epidemiology in Argentina. In this study, we present an alternative smoothing method that includes also measured explanatory variables, and allows for estimation of the probability that an incidence threshold is exceeded [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar issues of rational distribution of treatment and intervention resources are being considered in the struggle against other neglected tropical diseases, with geographical information systems (GIS) increasingly being used as a tool for improved decision-making [20]. Leynaud and Reati [21] described the use of the free GIS-software SIGEpi [22] for identification of areas with a high risk of snakebites and long distances to healthcare in Argentina. It is necessary to further extend the use of this methodology in other countries, in order to get an integrated view of snakebite envenomings on various regions of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Geographical Information Systems to Identify Populations in Need of Improved Accessibility to Antivenom Treatment for Snakebite Envenoming in Costa Rica

et al. 2013

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IntroductionSnakebite accidents are an important health problem in rural areas of tropical countries worldwide, including Costa Rica, where most bites are caused by the pit-viper Bothrops asper. The treatment of these potentially fatal accidents is based on the timely administration of specific antivenom. In many regions of the world, insufficient health care systems and lack of antivenom in remote and poor areas where snakebites are common, means that efficient treatment is unavailable for many snakebite victims, leading to unnecessary mortality and morbidity. In this study, geographical information systems (GIS) were used to identify populations in Costa Rica with a need of improved access to antivenom treatment: those living in areas with a high risk of snakebites and long time to reach antivenom treatment.Method/Principal FindingsPopulations living in areas with high risk of snakebites were identified using two approaches: one based on the district-level reported incidence, and another based on mapping environmental factors favoring B. asper presence. Time to reach treatment using ambulance was estimated using cost surface analysis, thereby enabling adjustment of transportation speed by road availability and quality, topography and land use. By mapping populations in high risk of snakebites and the estimated time to treatment, populations with need of improved treatment access were identified.Conclusion/SignificanceThis study demonstrates the usefulness of GIS for improving treatment of snakebites. By mapping reported incidence, risk factors, location of existing treatment resources, and the time estimated to reach these for at-risk populations, rational allocation of treatment resources is facilitated.

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Identificación de las zonas de riesgo ofídico en Córdoba, Argentina, mediante el programa SIGEpi

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas

Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas

The Use of Ecological Niche Modeling to Infer Potential Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz

Using Geographical Information Systems to Identify Populations in Need of Improved Accessibility to Antivenom Treatment for Snakebite Envenoming in Costa Rica

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