“…MMD was first reported in India in 1891 (29), and has subse quently been observed in Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, El Salva dor, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swazi land, Uganda, and the United States (2,3,8,9,15,24,29,31,34,37,42,51,55,64,67,70,77). Since the pathogen is easily disseminated in infected germplasm and there are conspicuous gaps in its geo graphic distribution, malformation may be even more widely spread (58).…”