Identification and Characterization of <i>Alternaria</i> Species Associated with Moldy Core of Apple in Chile

Elfar, Karina; Zóffoli, Juan Pablo; Latorre, B. A.

doi:10.1094/pdis-02-18-0282-re

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…ITS is most efficient for fungal identification up to species level (Seena et al 2010;Schoch et al 2012;Al-Nadabi et al 2018). The ITS regions have been broadly B I O D I V E R S I T A S 22 (2): 615-623, February 2021 616 used in molecular phylogeny and taxonomical studies as they can be readily amplified using small quantities of DNA (Schoch et al 2012;Elfar et al 2018). It includes small and large ribosomal subunits sequences (ITS1, ITS2) on DNA and gives a good resolution at family, genus, or species level hence proved to be an ideal (Asemaninejad et al 2016;Řezáčová et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria tenuissima Induced Fruit Rot of Bitter Gourd

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Iftikhar S, Anwar W, Akhter A, Ali S, Khan HAA, Khurshid M, Haider MS. 2021. Genetic analysis and pathogenic characterization of Alternaria tenuissima induced fruit rot of bitter gourd. Biodiversitas 22: 617-625. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn.), belongs to Cucurbitaceae family, is widely cultivated in areas with warm climate. In 2017, fruits of bitter gourd-bearing rot symptoms were observed in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The disease-causing fungal isolate was collected from the diseased fruits on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic examination revealed short conidiophores arose singly, measuring 79.8- 158.5 μm long and 3.94-7.89 μm thick. The size of conidia varied from 25.7 to 46.45 μm and 8.55-14.39 μm in length and width respectively, which were characteristics of Alternaria spp. To confirm the identity and molecular characterization of the isolate, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1-α), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and RNA polymerase II large subunit 2 (RPB2) genes were amplified. The sequence analysis of amplicons and phylogenetic studies specified the homology of isolated Alternaria spp. with the previously reported A. tenuissima in GeneBank. The pathogenicity tests conducted on the fruits of bitter gourd confirmed the disease development with typical Alternaria induced rot symptoms, thus satisfied Koch's postulate. To our knowledge, this is the first record of A. tenuissima causing fruit rot of bitter gourd in Pakistan.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria tenuissima Induced Fruit Rot of Bitter Gourd

et al. 2021

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“…We also found that Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes were significant classes belonging to Ascomycota. Several fungal pathogens causing apple diseases are in these classes [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. For example, Alternaria [ 70 , 75 ] and Epicoccum [ 70 ] belonging to Dothideomycetes have been described as causal agents of moldy core in apple.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several fungal pathogens causing apple diseases are in these classes [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. For example, Alternaria [ 70 , 75 ] and Epicoccum [ 70 ] belonging to Dothideomycetes have been described as causal agents of moldy core in apple. Acremonium , belonging to the Sordariomycetes, is the causal agent of black and brown spot diseases [ 71 , 72 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Dothideomycetes (particularly Pleosporaceae) were revealed as the most abundant biomarker in peel tissues. Previous studies reported that several potential apple pathogens belong to this class [ 70 , 75 ]. Therefore, it was very likely that various apple pathogenic fungi were enriched in the peel tissues of the bagged apple fruit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations in the Community Structure of Fungal Microbiota Associated with Apple Fruit Shaped by Fruit Bagging-Based Practice

Khwantongyim

Wansee

et al. 2021

JoF

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The various fungal communities that adhere to apple fruit are influenced by agricultural practices. However, the effects of fruit bagging-based management practice on the fungal microbiota are still unknown, and little is known about the fungal communities of bagged apple fruit. We conducted a study using apple fruit grown in a conventionally managed orchard where pesticide use is an indispensable practice. Fungal communities were collected from the calyx-end and peel tissues of bagged and unbagged fruit and characterized using barcode-type next-generation sequencing. Fruit bagging had a stronger effect on fungal richness, abundance, and diversity of the fungal microbiota in comparison to non-bagging. In addition, bagging also impacted the compositional variation of the fungal communities inhabiting each fruit part. We observed that fruit bagging had a tendency to maintain ecological equilibrium since Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were more distributed in bagged fruit than in unbagged fruit. These fungal communities consist of beneficial fungi rather than potentially harmful fungi. Approximately 50 dominant taxa were detected in bagged fruit, for example, beneficial genera such as Articulospora, Bullera, Cryptococcus, Dioszegia, Erythrobasidium, and Sporobolomyces, as well as pathogenic genera such as Aureobasidium and Taphrina. These results suggested that fruit bagging could significantly increase fungal richness and promote healthy fungal communities, especially the harmless fungal communities, which might be helpful for protecting fruit from the effects of pathogens. This study provides a foundation for understanding the impacts of bagging-based practice on the associated fungal microbiota.

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“…Keissl. isolated from Apple (Elfar et al 2018). To confirm the pathogenicity on Italian ryegrass, healthy plants (8-week-old) of cultivar Splendor grown in five pots filled with potting soil were spray-inoculated with conidial suspension…”

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First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in China

Wei

Xue

2021

Plant Disease

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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of the most important forage crops in southwestern China. In 2018, a leaf spot was observed in a field of Italian ryegrass in Mengyang, Sichuan province, China (30.96925°N, 104.10223°E). From January to early March, this leaf spot developed sporadically and appeared as brown to dark brown lesions. In late May, this disease reached a peak with incidence up to 80% and appeared as reddish-brown necrotic spots with a grayish white to brown center. To isolate the pathogen, sections (0.5 × 1 cm2) of 30 diseased leaves collected from 10 plants were surface-disinfested in 70% ethanol solution for 30 s, 5% NaOCl solution for 5 min, rinsed thrice in sterilized distilled water, air dried, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 4 days. To obtain pure isolates, the single-spore isolation technique (Cai et al. 2009) was used. The conidial suspensions were diluted to a reasonable concentration, spread onto PDA, and incubated at 25°C in dark for 24 to 48 h, and then single germinated conidia were transferred onto new PDA plates (Cai et al. 2009). Nine pure isolates showing similar morphology were obtained for further study. Colonies on PDA were dark gray in the center surrounded by white to gray, with gossypine mycelia on the upper side, and red to dark red on the reverse side. Conidia were obclavate or pyriform, olivaceous to dark brown, with 0 to 6 transverse septa and 0 to 4 longitudinal septa, 13.2 to 55.0 (27.9) × 6.3 to 12.5 (9.8) µm. Conidiophores were septate, hyaline to olivaceous brown, either branched or unbranched, geniculate at the tip, 2.5 to 5.9 μm wide and up to 70 μm long. These morphological and cultural characteristics were consistent with the descriptions of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. isolated from Apple (Elfar et al. 2018). To confirm the pathogenicity on Italian ryegrass, healthy plants (8-week-old) of cultivar Splendor grown in five pots filled with potting soil were spray-inoculated with conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml). Plants in another, five pots were sprayed with sterilized distilled water as controls. All pots were individually covered with transparent polyethylene bags for 5 days to maintain high relative humidity and placed in a greenhouse at 18 to 25°C. At 14 days post inoculation, symptoms typical of brown to dark brown leaf spots developed on the plants inoculated with conidial suspension, whereas no symptoms on the control plants. The pathogenicity tests were carried out three times. The same pathogen was consistently re-isolated from inoculated leaves and confirmed by morphological characterization as described above. To further identify this pathogen, isolate HMCH-9 (=CGMCC 3.19924) was selected as a representative for molecular characterization. Following Woudenberg et al. (2015), the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and intervening 5.8S rDNA (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), and Alternaria major allergen (Alt) genes were partially amplified and sequenced. Sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MH567106 for ITS, MH567107 for GPD, MH567109 for TEF, MH567110 for RPB2, and MH567108 for Alt). BLAST analysis of all these five segments showed >99.8% identity with those sequences of ex-type isolate CBS 916.96 of A. alternata (Woudenberg et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf spot on Italian ryegrass in China. The accurate identification of this pathogen would be useful for the prevention and control of leaf spot on Italian ryegrass in the future.

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Identification and Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Moldy Core of Apple in Chile

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Genetic Analysis and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria tenuissima Induced Fruit Rot of Bitter Gourd

Genetic Analysis and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria tenuissima Induced Fruit Rot of Bitter Gourd

Variations in the Community Structure of Fungal Microbiota Associated with Apple Fruit Shaped by Fruit Bagging-Based Practice

First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in China

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