Identification and Chemical Characterization of Insoluble Contaminants in Hemodialysis Water Treatment

Abstract

Product water that was used to prepare hemodialysis fluids from concentrate is purified to eliminate contaminants and to ensure treatment efficacy and patient safety. Thus, the dialysis fluid should be free of solid particles. Ultrafilters are used to remove any residual bacterial contaminants from the system. In 2014 and 2016, we received two ultrafilter samples containing particulate material from two independent dialysis centers. Malfunction of the water purification system was suspected. The insoluble solid particles that were observed in ultrafilters were studied using physical techniques of Scanning Electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Spectroscopy data gathered from electron microscopy acquisition, allowed for the characterization of the elemental composition of the contaminating particles, identifying the presence of silicon and alkaline ions not belonging to the membrane or to any component of the water purification process. This material most likely represented silicate in suspension in water, reaching the ultrafilters due to a bypass in the water purification process. In conclusion, physical analysis of macroscopic ultrafilter abnormalities may help to pinpoint the source of malfunction and to provide corrective action.

Correction: Mas, S., et al. Identification and Chemical Characterization of Insoluble Contaminants in Hemodialysis Water Treatment. Water 2018, 10, 486

“…The authors regret omitting to explicitly mention some funds received when writing the original Acknowledgement Section [1]. The authors therefore wish to replace the Acknowledgments Section with the paragraph below: Acknowledgments: The studies described above have been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF/FEDER) through ISCIII/FIS grants PI16/01298, PI17/01495, CIBERDEM and REDINREN RD016/0019 and through the Madrid Renal Society (SOMANE) grants.…”