Identification and expression analysis of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Toll-like receptor 9 gene

Byadgi, Omkar; Puteri, Dinda; Lee, Yan‐Horn; Lee, Jai-Wei; Cheng, Ta-Chih

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.017

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In channel catfish, TLR9 is expressed in the skin, gill, head kidney, and spleen (135). In addition, TLR9 expression is inducible by responding to different stimuli and microbial infections (105, 135). For example, TLR9 is broadly expressed in larval, juvenile, and adult stages of cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) in all analyzed tissues, including the gill, intestine, head kidney, liver, skin, and spleen.…”

Section: Expression and Tissue Distribution Of Tlr9 And Tlr21 In Telementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21

Lai

Luo

et al. 2019

Front. Immunol.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen TLRs have been identified in mammals, and teleosts contain 22 mammalian or non-mammalian TLRs. Of these, TLR9 and TLR21 are the cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) recognition TLRs in teleosts. TLR9 is a mammalian TLR expressed in teleost but not in the avian species. TLR21 is a non-mammalian TLR expressed in both teleost and the avian species. Synthetic CpG-ODNs are potent immunostimulants that are being studied for their application against tumors, allergies, and infectious diseases, and as a vaccine adjuvant in humans. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODNs as vaccine adjuvants and their antimicrobial function in domestic animals and teleosts are also being investigated. Most of our current knowledge about the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODNs comes from earlier studies of the interaction between CpG-ODN and TLR9. More recent studies indicate that in addition to TLR9, TLR21 is another receptor for CpG-ODN recognition in teleosts to initiate immune responses. Whether these two receptors have differential functions in mediating the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleost has not been well-studied. Nevertheless, the existence of two recognition TLRs suggests that the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleosts is different and more complex than in mammals. This article reviews the current knowledge of TLR9 and TLR21 activation by CpG-ODNs. The key points that need to be considered for CpG-ODNs as immunostimulants with maximum effectiveness in activation of immune responses in teleosts are discussed. This includes the structure/activity relationship of CpG-ODN activities for TLR9 and TLR21, the structure/functional relationship of these two TLRs, and differential expression levels and tissue distributions for these two TLRs.

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Section: Expression and Tissue Distribution Of Tlr9 And Tlr21 In Telementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21

Lai

Luo

et al. 2019

Front. Immunol.

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“…Similar to the findings in mammals, the TLR9 signaling in fish species is also MyD88-depended and eventually leads to the production of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL6, and type Ⅰ IFNs [16] . As the response of salmon macrophages to CpGs can be clogged by chloroquine, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, it is deduced that the endosomal acidification is essential for the activation of fish TLR9 by CpGs as demonstrated in mammals [35] . In rainbow trout, a direct correlation was found between tlr9 transcripts and those of cluster of differentiation 83 (cd83) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (cxcr4), the mammalian orthologs of which are the known marker for DCs, thus suggesting that fish dendritic-like cells are the TLR9-expressing cells [18] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Toll-like Receptor 9 Gene in Turbot, Scophthalmus Maximus

Wang¹,

Li²,

Liu³

et al. 2020

JCMR

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as key sensors of invading microbes by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activating innate immune responses. TLR9 functions as a pattern-recognition receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial and viral DNA. In this study, the full cDNA and genomic sequences of tlr9 in Scophthalmus maximus (smtlr9) were identified and characterized. The full-length cDNA of smtlr9 was of 3754 bp encoding a polypeptide of 1066 amino acid residues. The genome sequence of smtlr9 was composed of 4083 nucleotides, including three exons and two introns. The putative Smtlr9 protein was characterized by a signal peptide sequence, a leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD) containing 15 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane region, and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The putative protein shows the highest sequence identity (36.0~73.6%) to human and fish TLR9s. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Smtlr9 with other teleost Tlr9s. The smtlr9 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest level in the head kidney and kidney. The smtlr9 transcription level was up-regulated by ODN2395 in the muscle, head kidney, spleen, and gills.

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“…In this study, the intraperitoneal injection of LPS and the type B CpG ODN2006 significantly induced the expression of SlTLR22 in liver, one of the main target organs where many diseases occur. Byadgi et al [5] observed in cobia's spleen and liver that synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG sequences (CpG-ODNs 1668 and 2006) injected showed high expression of TLR9 and IL-1b compared to other groups. It is known that synthetic CpG-ODNs stimulate Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9), thereby activating innate immunity [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The signaling pathways induced by TLRs culminate in the activation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) transcription factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b and TNF-a [4]. To date, sixteen TLRs have been identified in teleost fish species, out of which TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are mammalian TLR orthologs, while TLR14, TLR19, TLR20, TLR21, TLR22 and the soluble TLR5 are fish-specific novel TLRs [5]. Among them, TLR22 has only been described in aquatic animals (teleost and amphibians) [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning and comparative responses of Toll-like receptor 22 following ligands stimulation and parasitic infection in yellowtail (Seriola lalandi)

Reyes‐Becerril

Ascencio‐Valle

Alamillo

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Identification and expression analysis of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Toll-like receptor 9 gene

Cited by 35 publications

References 55 publications

Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21

Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Toll-like Receptor 9 Gene in Turbot, Scophthalmus Maximus

Molecular cloning and comparative responses of Toll-like receptor 22 following ligands stimulation and parasitic infection in yellowtail (Seriola lalandi)

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