Identification and partial characterisation of a new lagovirus in Australian wild rabbits

Strive, Tanja; Wright, John D.; Robinson, Anthony J.

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.004

Cited by 117 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Badania genetyczne wykazały 85% homologię RCV i RHDV w odcinku genu kodującego strukturalne białko kapsydu (15). Obecność niewirulentnego lagowirusa (nvRHDV-LV) i australijskiej odmiany wirusa (RCV-A1) potwierdzono serologicznie w Nowej Zelandii i Australii (10,19,35,63). Z badań tych wynika, że niechorobotwórcze wirusy występo-wały w Australii już przed niekontrolowanym uwolnieniem w 1995 r. patogennego, czeskiego szczepu V-351 RHDV.…”

unclassified

Diversity of RHD virus: epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological importance

Fitzner¹,

Niedbalski²

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Summary Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was first recognized in Keywords: rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), RHD virus diversity, variants (subtypes)Med. Weter. 2017, 73 (12), 811-818 812 pod nazwą viral heamorrhagic disease of rabbits (VHD) (56), zmienioną później na rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD). W Polsce RHD znajduje się w wykazie chorób podlegających obowiązkowi rejestracji (Ustawa z dnia 11 marca 2004 r. o ochronie zdrowia zwierząt oraz o zwalczaniu chorób zakaźnych, zał. 3).Czynnikiem etiologicznym RHD jest wirus krwotocznej choroby królików (rabbit hamorrhagic disease virus -RHDV), rodzaj Lagovirus, rodzina Caliciviridae (59). Bezotoczkowe wiriony RHDV zawierają pojedynczą nić RNA (ok. 7,5 kb) o dodatniej polaryzacji (ss+) zakończoną końcem poly A. Do lagowirusów należą również: niepatogenny króliczy kaliciwirus RCV (Rabbit Calicivirus), o predylekcji do przewodu pokarmowego (15) oraz hepatotropowy, patogenny dla zajęcy Lepus europaeus i Lepus timidus wirus EBHS, zidentyfikowany w 1989 r. RHDV i EBHSV oprócz zbliżonej morfologii łączy występowanie krzyżowych reakcji antygenowych oraz struktura i organizacja genomu. Genom lagowirusów i kaliciwirusów z rodzajów Sapovirus i Nebovirus zawiera dwie, natomiast norowirusów i vesiwirusów trzy ramki odczytu (ORF). Obszerna ORF1 koduje jednolitą poliproteinę (257 kDa), z której w wyniku działania wirusowej proteazy powstają białka niestrukturalne i strukturalne białko kapsydu VP60 (60 kDa). ORF2 koduje mniejsze biał-ko strukturalne VP10. W kapsydzie występuje także subgenomowy RNA (2,2 kb), który również koduje białko VP60 oraz bierze udział w procesach transkrypcji i translacji (55). Pomimo dużego podobieństwa genetycznego RHDV i EBHSV (52-60% i 63-70% homologia sekwencji nukleotydów i aminokwasów w obrębie genu vp60) są to całkowicie odrębne patogeny, niezdolne do zakażenia krzyżowego królików i zajęcy, których nie można namnożyć in vitro w systemach hodowli komórkowych oraz w zarodkach kurzych (16,32,58).W diagnostyce wirusologicznej RHD stosuje się techniki mikroskopii elektronowej (EM/IEM) umożliwiają-ce bezpośrednią detekcję kubicznych cząstek o średnicy 27-40 nm, metody immunoenzymatyczne ELISA do wykrywania antygenu oraz odczyn hemaglutynacji do określenia właściwości hemaglutynacyjnych. Techniki molekularne, takie jak: amplifikacja wirusowego RNA metodą RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR (RTq-PCR) oraz sekwencjonowanie wykorzystuje się do określenia typu wirusa oraz w badaniach filogenetycznych. Zakażenie doświadczalne podatnych królików jest metodą stosowaną do potwierdzenia rozpoznania oraz podczas produkcji szczepionek: do namnożenia wirusa i kontroli serii. Ważnym elementem diagnostyki RHD są metody serologiczne: odczyn zahamowania hemaglutynacji i test ELISA (OIE Manual 2016, rozdział 2.6.2). Niepatogenne kaliciwirusy królikówWczesne dowody mówiące o wysoce prawdopodobnym występowaniu bliskiego, niepatogennego przodka RHDV pochodzą z badań archiwalnych surowic króli-ków europejskich z połowy lat 70., w których wykryto swoiste przeciwciała (61) oraz z ...

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unclassified

Diversity of RHD virus: epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological importance

Fitzner¹,

Niedbalski²

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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“…In some cases immunity to these viruses may provide a degree of cross-protection against virulent RHDV (3,4,7,21,27,29,31,32). Sequence data has been published for three of these avirulent viruses: from commercial rabbits in Italy (3), from wild rabbits on Lambay Island in Ireland (15), and from wild rabbits in Australia (35). A fourth, similarly diverse, virus was identified from the United Kingdom; however, this Ashington strain was obtained from a dead rabbit (24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A fourth, similarly diverse, virus was identified from the United Kingdom; however, this Ashington strain was obtained from a dead rabbit (24). Phylogenetically, these four viruses are relatively distant from virulent RHDV and from each other (3,16,24,35) and have been named rabbit caliciviruses (RCV) to distinguish them from RHDV.…”

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confidence: 99%

Origin and Phylodynamics of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus

Kerr

Kitchen

Holmes

2009

J Virol

102

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To determine the origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), we examined 210 partial and complete capsid gene nucleotide sequences. Using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, we estimated that these sequences evolved at a rate of 3.9 ؋ 10 ؊4 to 11.9 ؋ 10 ؊4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. This rate was consistent across subsets of data, was robust in response to recombination, and casts doubt on the provenance of viral strains isolated from the 1950s to the 1970s, which share strong sequence similarity to modern isolates. Using the same analysis, we inferred that the time to the most recent common ancestor for a joint group of RHDV and rabbit calicivirus sequences was <550 years ago and was <150 years ago for the RHDV isolates that have spread around the world since 1984. Importantly, multiple lineages of RHDV were clearly circulating before the major Chinese outbreak of 1984, a finding indicative of an early evolution of RHDV virulence. Four phylogenetic groups within RHDV were defined and analyzed separately. Each group shared a common ancestor in the mid-1960s or earlier, and each showed an expansion of populations starting before 1984. Notably, the group characterized by the antigenic variant RHDVa harbors the greatest genetic diversity, compatible with an elevated fitness. Overall, we contend that the high virulence of RHDV likely evolved once in the early part of the 20th century, well before the documented emergence of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in 1984.

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“…Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly infectious and fatal (80-100%) rabbit disease reported for the first time in Asia, which subsequently advanced in Australia and then in Europe (Liu et al, 1984;Morise et al, 1991;Villafuerte et al, 1994Villafuerte et al, , 1995Strive et al, 2009;Carvalho et al, 2017). Infected rabbits usually die within 48-72 h, and the disease is still responsible for significant economic losses and heavy mortality among wild and domestic rabbit populations (Chasey, 1997;Marchandeau et al, 1998;Mutze et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Clinical chemistry, haematology, immune response and histological evaluation of rabbits after immunisation and challenge with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus

et al. 2017

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Following their immunisation and infection with a VSHI-CN-6 viral strain, a group of 15 rabbits were examined in a study of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD). Serum samples were collected from the external ear vein at 0, 15, 30 and 60 days post-immunisation. The recorded platelet numbers were closer to the lower physiological limit, indicating a mild thrombocytopenia, with values ranging from 26.6 to 30.43×10 4 /mm 3 . The phagocytic index revealed significant differences (P<0.001) between the mean values obtained before vaccination (day 0) and the 3 post-vaccination measurements, confirming the increase in phagocytic capacity after immunisation. Additionally, the serum lysozyme average value equalled 9.14 mg/mL post-vaccination. The analysis of variance revealed significant statistical differences (P<0.05) between the average values obtained before vaccination (0) and the post-vaccination values, measured on day 14 and 30, respectively. The morphology of the samples collected from the main organs involved in immune protection, spleen and gastric and portal lymph nodes highlighted changes corresponding to the post-vaccination immunological response. The white pulp of the spleen appeared as a diffuse lymphoid tissue, presenting with primary and secondary lymphoid follicles. The ratio of white/red pulp was in favour of the white pulp and multiple lymphoid follicles were present, indicating their reactivation. In the medullary area of gastric and portal lymph nodes, narrow lymphoid cords, circumscribed by relatively large lymphatic sinuses, and well defined lymphocytolysis were observed. Moreover, the exudate and lymphoid follicles during activation were noted in the cortical area. Furthermore, the inflammatory processes were identified, morphologically manifested by the thickening of connective tissue in the lymph node capsule, dilacerations of the connective fibres and the presence of light acidophilic serous exudate with rare inflammatory cells (serous lymphoreticulitis).

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Identification and partial characterisation of a new lagovirus in Australian wild rabbits

Cited by 117 publications

References 46 publications

Diversity of RHD virus: epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological importance

Diversity of RHD virus: epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological importance

Origin and Phylodynamics of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus

Clinical chemistry, haematology, immune response and histological evaluation of rabbits after immunisation and challenge with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus

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