Identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Sim, Richard R.; Norton, Terry M.; Bronson, Ellen; Allender, Matthew C.; Stedman, Nancy; Childress, April L.; Wellehan, James F. X.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.029

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…1 These results are consistent with previous phylogenetic studies of EmyHV-1 and other turtle herpesviruses. 2,12,19,20 In summary, our study characterizes a fatal herpesvirus infection that caused necrotizing pneumonia and hepatic and splenic necrosis in a northern map turtle. Intralesional, intranuclear, Cowdry type A inclusions were a prominent feature in the pulmonary and hepatic lesions.…”

Section: Research-article2015mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…3,5,11 Reports that combine molecular viral characterization with clinical findings in chelonians are limited. Such reports include a description of terrapene herpesvirus 1 infection with or without concurrent ranaviral infection in captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) 19 and emydid herpesvirus 1 (EmyHV-1) in an eastern river cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna). 12 In March of 2012, a captive, juvenile, female northern map turtle (Graptemys geographica) from a zoological institution was noted to be weak with a frothy nasal discharge.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses following the virus name. An asterisk (*) highlights viruses previously published in reference but not present in GenBank 19. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Emydid herpesvirus 1 infection in northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)

et al. 2015

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A captive, juvenile, female northern map turtle (Graptemys geographica) was found dead following a brief period of weakness and nasal discharge. Postmortem examination identified pneumonia with necrosis and numerous epithelial, intranuclear viral inclusion bodies, consistent with herpesviral pneumonia. Similar intranuclear inclusions were also associated with foci of hepatocellular and splenic necrosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of fresh, frozen liver for the herpesviral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene yielded an amplicon with 99.2% similarity to recently described emydid herpesvirus 1 (EmyHV-1). Molecular screening of turtles housed in enclosures that shared a common circulation system with the affected map turtle identified 4 asymptomatic, EmyHV-1 PCR-positive painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and 1 asymptomatic northern map turtle. Herpesvirus transmission between painted and map turtles has been previously suggested, and our report provides the molecular characterization of a herpesvirus in asymptomatic painted turtles that can cause fatal herpesvirus-associated disease in northern map turtles.

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Section: Research-article2015mentioning

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

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Emydid herpesvirus 1 infection in northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)

et al. 2015

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“…Finally, gammaherpesviruses also have a narrow host range, are lymphotropic, and can cause cytolytic infections in epithelial cells and fibroblasts (Davison 1993;Maclachlan et al 2017). (Sim et al 2015;Maclachlan et al 2017). Alphaherpesviruses tend to establish latency in sensory ganglia or mononuclear cells (Davison 1993;Maclachlan et al 2017).…”

Section: Herpesvirus Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Lindemann¹,

Allender²,

Thompson³

et al. 2019

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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While herpesvirus infections have been associated with high morbidity and mortality in populations of captive Emydid chelonians worldwide, novel herpesviruses (Terrapene herpesvirus 1, Emydid herpesvirus 1 and 2, and Glyptemys herpesvirus 1 and 2) have also recently been identified in apparently healthy free-ranging Emydid populations. The clinical significance of this finding in the absence of an outbreak is currently unknown. The authors hypothesize that herpesvirus prevalence may be used as a sentinel of population health due to the virus' propensity to recrudesce in times of stress or concurrent disease. Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), an endangered species in Illinois, have experienced range-wide declines because of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. While ongoing studies are crucial to a thorough understanding of the natural history and demographics in disjointed Illinois populations, infectious disease threats have been largely unevaluated. In 2015, 20 free-ranging Blanding's turtles in DuPage County, Illinois were screened for a herpesvirus using consensus PCR. A novel herpesvirus, Emydoidea herpesvirus 1 (EBHV1), was identified. Subsequently, the investigators developed a highly sensitive and specific TaqMan ® quantitative PCR assay to target the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene of EBHV1. Validation results indicate that this assay is specific for EBHV1, has a linear range of detection from 10 8-10 1 viral copies per reaction, and can categorically detect as few as 1 viral copy per reaction. In an epidemiological investigation, combined oral-cloacal swabs were collected from radiotelemetered and trapped Blanding's turtles in DuPage (n=60 turtles) and Lake (n=81 turtles) County from May-September 2016. Repeated samples of 50 adult females had a significantly higher prevalence of EBHV1 in May (23.8%, n=10) than June (2.9%, n=1), July (0%, n=0), August (0%, n=0), or September (7.7%, n=3) (odds ratio [OR]: 12.97; 95% CI: 3.83-43.92). This corresponds to the onset of nesting and may be associated with increased physiologic demands; however, all positive turtles were negative in subsequent months. Furthermore, there were no clinical signs associated with any turtle at the time they were detected with EBHV1. This investigation is the critical first step to characterizing the implications of EBHV1 on Blanding's turtle population health and identifying management changes that may improve sustainability.

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“…Infectious agents in wild and captive chelonians in North America include Mycoplasma , herpesvirus, ranavirus, and multiple co‐infections as significant causes of morbidity and mortality (Adamovicz et al, ; De Voe et al, ; Feldman et al, ; Kane et al, ; Sim et al, , ). There is a significant impact of vehicular trauma on both terrestrial and freshwater aquatic turtle populations, especially given the relatively higher risk of mortality for female turtles (Gibbs & Shriver, ; Steen et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow‐bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna)

Griffioen

Lewbart

Papich

2020

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Enrofloxacin is frequently administered to turtles in wildlife clinics during rehabilitation due to its wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and availability of injectable formulations. However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in chelonians presenting injured to a wildlife clinic. Thirty‐six Eastern box turtles (EBT, Terrapene carolina carolina), 23 yellow‐bellied sliders (YBS, Trachemys scripta scripta), and 13 river cooters (RC, Pseudemys concinna) received a single subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected between 0 and 240 hr postinjection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NMLE). Overall elimination half‐life (T½) was over 75 hr, and varied among species. T½ was 63 hr in EBT and 79 hr in YBS, which is longer than in previous reports. The volume of distribution (steady‐state) was 1.4 L/kg across turtle species, but highly variable—ranging from 0.4 L/kg in RC to 1.9 L/kg in YBS. Antibiotic concentrations were above a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.5 µg/ml for over 200 hr. These results indicate variable pharmacokinetic parameters for enrofloxacin among turtle species, which will help guide appropriate dosing protocols in injured turtles.

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Identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Cited by 52 publications

References 25 publications

Emydid herpesvirus 1 infection in northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)

Emydid herpesvirus 1 infection in northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)

Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow‐bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna)

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