Identification of an indigo precursor from leaves of Isatis tinctoria (Woad)

Hydroxylation of Indole by Laboratory-evolved 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Monooxygenase

“…In short, condensation of two molecules of indoxyl followed by air oxidation leads to the production of indigo, whereas condensation of indoxyl and 2-indolinone yields indirubin (28,34). In addition, indirubin can also be formed by the reaction of indoxyl with isatin (4,35). That this latter reaction does indeed take place in the case of indirubin formation by HbpA ind is supported by the fact that the ratio of indirubin to indigo increased with time when recombinant E. coli cells were grown on LB medium.…”

Investigation of Isatis Tinctoria and Isatis Buschiana Stalks as Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production

“…The fl owers are small and yellow in color, and the leaves are hastate with minute auricles (Guarino et al, 2000). I. tictoria is one of the sources of the blue dye indigo (Maugard et al, 2001) and was cultivated in the Mediterranean countries for centuries to produce indigo (Fréchard et al, 2001;Stoker et al, 1998b). Besides dyeing properties, phytochemical, biological and pharmacological investigations have been carried out on I. tinctoria due to its medicinal properties.…”

Isatis indigotica Induces Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Death via Caspase-Independent Apoptosis-Inducing Factor Translocation Apoptotic Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo

“…33 Among them, tryptanthrin, indigo, and indirubin were shown to have biological activities that affect the basic cell functions and were selected as the markers for quality control in I indigotica. 19 Other chemical constituents identified in I indigotica included alkaloids, organic acids, and glycosides.…”

“…19 Other chemical constituents identified in I indigotica included alkaloids, organic acids, and glycosides. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Tryptanthrin was reported to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells through a caspase-3/Fas antigen pathway. 42 Indirubin was found to inhibit the expression of numerous NF-κB-regulated genes, including those involved in anti-apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion.…”