Identification of an
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            -Rhamnose Synthetic Pathway in Two Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses

Chothi, Madhu Parakkottil; Duncan, Garry A.; Armirotti, Andrea; Abergel, Chantal; Gurnon, James R.; Etten, James L. Van; Bernardi, Cinzia; Damonte, Gianluca; Tonetti, Michela

doi:10.1128/jvi.00770-10

Cited by 54 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…NADP ϩ did not substitute NAD ϩ for the dehydrogenation reaction nor did NADH substitute for NADPH for the reduction reaction. The latter result confirms earlier reports with plant NRS/ER (19) and viral U4k6dG-ER (29) and suggests a strict recognition of the U4k6dG-ER enzymes for the phosphoryl group O-CЈ2-linked to ribosyl group of the adenine moiety in NADPH. Substrate specificity of UG4,6-Dh indicates that the fungal enzyme is unable to convert ADP-Glc, GDP-Glc, or UDP-GlcNAc to a product (data not shown).…”

Section: U4k6dg-er Encodes a Bi-functional U4k6dg 35-epimerase And 4supporting

confidence: 81%

“…Interestingly, the UDP-rhamnose biosynthetic genes of plant fungi are closer by phylogeny analysis to the plant species, when compared with the animal fungal biosynthetic genes. Of note is the clustering of the two viral UGlc4,6-Dh proteins (29). The chlorella virus co-living with plant appears to cluster with UGlc4,6-Dh in plants, although the same protein from the giant DNA virus that infects members of the genus Acanthamoeba is clustered with Trypanosoma (supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biosynthesis of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose and UDP-rhamnose in Pathogenic Fungi Magnaporthe grisea and Botryotinia fuckeliana

Martinez

Ingwers

Smith

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Rhamnose-containing glycans are involved in host-pathogen interactions. Results: UDP-rhamnose was identified in fungi; recombinant enzymes involved in its synthesis were characterized, and the genes involved are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Conclusion: Fungi containing rhamnose likely utilize the UDP-rhamnose pathway. Significance: Understanding rhamnose pathways in fungi may provide new insight to fungus-host interaction.

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Section: U4k6dg-er Encodes a Bi-functional U4k6dg 35-epimerase And 4supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose and UDP-rhamnose in Pathogenic Fungi Magnaporthe grisea and Botryotinia fuckeliana

Martinez

Ingwers

Smith

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The unique fusion between a uridyltransferase domain and UDG identified in CeV (CeV_479), the presence of several enzymes for the synthesis of rhamnose in mimivirus (45), and the fused sequential enzymes found in OtV5, OmV1, and OlV1 (YP_001648294.1, YP_009172960.1, YP_004061822.1) are other examples of convergent innovations targeting the same biosynthetic pathway, probably central to the glycosylation of viral structural proteins (45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unique fusion between a uridyltransferase domain and UDG identified in CeV (CeV_007) might optimize the synthesis of L-rhamnose, known to be involved in the glycosylation of structural proteins in mimivirus and certain chloroviruses (45). This fusion occurred after the duplication of the uridyltransferase gene (CeV_479), originally involved in the three-component UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic pathway (46) found in large Mimiviridae.…”

Section: Fig 8 Convergent Acquisitions Of Host Lil Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus and Other Microalga-Infecting Large DNA Viruses Highlights Their Intricate Evolutionary Relationship with the Established Mimiviridae Family

Gallot-Lavallée

Blanc

Claverie

2017

J Virol

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Chrysochromulina ericina virus CeV-01B (CeV) was isolated from Norwegian coastal waters in 1998. Its icosahedral particle is 160 nm in diameter and encloses a 474-kb double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome. This virus, although infecting a microalga (the haptophyceae Haptolina ericina, formerly Chrysochromulina ericina), is phylogenetically related to members of the Mimiviridae family, initially established with the acanthamoeba-infecting mimivirus and megavirus as prototypes. This family was later split into two genera (Mimivirus and Cafeteriavirus) following the characterization of a virus infecting the heterotrophic stramenopile Cafeteria roenbergensis (CroV). CeV, as well as two of its close relatives, which infect the unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes Phaeocystis globosa (Phaeocystis globosa virus [PgV]) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (Aureococcus anophagefferens virus [AaV]), are currently unclassified by the International Committee on Viral Taxonomy (ICTV). The detailed comparative analysis of the CeV genome presented here confirms the phylogenetic affinity of this emerging group of microalga-infecting viruses with the Mimiviridae but argues in favor of their classification inside a distinct clade within the family. Although CeV, PgV, and AaV share more common features among them than with the larger Mimiviridae, they also exhibit a large complement of unique genes, attesting to their complex evolutionary history. We identified several gene fusion events and cases of convergent evolution involving independent lateral gene acquisitions. Finally, CeV possesses an unusual number of inteins, some of which are closely related despite being inserted in nonhomologous genes. This appears to contradict the paradigm of allele-specific inteins and suggests that the Mimiviridae are especially efficient in spreading inteins while enlarging their repertoire of homing genes.IMPORTANCE Although it infects the microalga Chrysochromulina ericina, CeV is more closely related to acanthamoeba-infecting viruses of the Mimiviridae family than to any member of the Phycodnaviridae, the ICTV-approved family historically including all alga-infecting large dsDNA viruses. CeV, as well as its relatives that infect the microalgae Phaeocystic globosa (PgV) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (AaV), remains officially unclassified and a source of confusion in the literature. Our comparative analysis of the CeV genome in the context of this emerging group of algainfecting viruses suggests that they belong to a distinct clade within the established Mimiviridae family. The presence of a large number of unique genes as well as specific gene fusion events, evolutionary convergences, and inteins integrated at unusual locations document the complex evolutionary history of the CeV lineage.

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“…Mimiviridae are among its largest members, with particle sizes that make them visible by light microscopy and genome complexities overlapping those of the cellular world. They encode proteins thought to be the trademarks of cells, such as elements of the translation machinery as well as original metabolic pathways (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Megavirus chilensis was isolated from an environmental sample from the coast of central Chile by cocultivation with Acanthamoeba castellanii (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Megavirus Chilensis Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase: the First Viral Structure of a Typical Cellular Copper Chaperone-Independent Hyperstable Dimeric Enzyme

Lartigue

Burlat

Coutard

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Giant viruses able to replicate in Acanthamoeba castellanii penetrate their host through phagocytosis. After capsid opening, a fusion between the internal membranes of the virion and the phagocytic vacuole triggers the transfer in the cytoplasm of the viral DNA together with the DNA repair enzymes and the transcription machinery present in the particles. In addition, the proteome analysis of purified mimivirus virions revealed the presence of many enzymes meant to resist oxidative stress and conserved in the Mimiviridae. Megavirus chilensis encodes a predicted copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), an enzyme known to detoxify reactive oxygen species released in the course of host defense reactions. While it was thought that the metal ions are required for the formation of the active-site lid and dimer stabilization, megavirus chilensis SOD forms a very stable metal-free dimer. We used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and activity measurements to show that the supplementation of the bacterial culture with copper and zinc during the recombinant expression of Mg277 is sufficient to restore a fully active holoenzyme. These results demonstrate that the viral enzyme's activation is independent of a chaperone both for disulfide bridge formation and for copper incorporation and suggest that its assembly may not be as regulated as that of its cellular counterparts. A SOD protein is encoded by a variety of DNA viruses but is absent from mimivirus. As in poxviruses, the enzyme might be dispensable when the virus infects Acanthamoeba cells but may allow megavirus chilensis to infect a broad range of eukaryotic hosts. IMPORTANCEMimiviridae are giant viruses encoding more than 1,000 proteins. The virion particles are loaded with proteins used by the virus to resist the vacuole's oxidative stress. The megavirus chilensis virion contains a predicted copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). The corresponding gene is present in some megavirus chilensis relatives but is absent from mimivirus. This first crystallographic structure of a viral Cu,Zn-SOD highlights the features that it has in common with and its differences from cellular SODs. It corresponds to a very stable dimer of the apo form of the enzyme. We demonstrate that upon supplementation of the growth medium with Cu and Zn, the recombinant protein is fully active, suggesting that the virus's SOD activation is independent of a copper chaperone for SOD generally used by eukaryotic SODs. The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) are a monophyletic group of viruses that infect eukaryotes (1, 2). Mimiviridae are among its largest members, with particle sizes that make them visible by light microscopy and genome complexities overlapping those of the cellular world. They encode proteins thought to be the trademarks of cells, such as elements of the translation machinery as well as original metabolic pathways (3-7). Megavirus chilensis was isolated from an environmental sample from the coast of central Chile by cocultivation with Acantha...

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Identification of an l -Rhamnose Synthetic Pathway in Two Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses

Cited by 54 publications

References 48 publications

Biosynthesis of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose and UDP-rhamnose in Pathogenic Fungi Magnaporthe grisea and Botryotinia fuckeliana

Biosynthesis of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose and UDP-rhamnose in Pathogenic Fungi Magnaporthe grisea and Botryotinia fuckeliana

Comparative Genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus and Other Microalga-Infecting Large DNA Viruses Highlights Their Intricate Evolutionary Relationship with the Established Mimiviridae Family

The Megavirus Chilensis Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase: the First Viral Structure of a Typical Cellular Copper Chaperone-Independent Hyperstable Dimeric Enzyme

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