Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges

Abstract

Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.

Isolation, characterization, and screening of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from Nigerian Piliostigma thonningii for antimicrobial activities

“…The antimicrobial potency of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde similar to the compounds 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde detected in the secondary metabolite have been shown to exhibit marked activity against T. chinense, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera and Salmonella thypimurium 44 . Similarly, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has been reported to showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus 45,46 , Bacillus subtilis 47 and Pseudomonas sp. PBO1 48 .…”

Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Clathria sp. 1 and Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta Sponge Crude Extracts Obtained from the South East Coast of South Africa

“…The tissue and solvent mixtures of EA and DCM : ME were agitated for 72 and 48 hours, respectively, followed by filtration through a Whatman No. 2 The antifungal property of different extracts against the test fungi, C. albicans (ATCC 10231) and A. fumigatus (ATCC 204305), was determined as previously reported by Selvin and Lipton [17]. However, the media used was PDA.…”

“…Sponges are spineless animals belonging to the phylum Porifera and serve as the most primitive multicellular animals. Marine sponges are soft-bodied, sessile, and filter feeders by assembling small particulate matter from seawater rising through their bodies [ 2 ]. Marine organisms represent approximately 80% of the world's biota [ 3 ] and are a source of unique natural products ranging from food, fragrances, pigments, and insecticides.…”

Pharmacological evaluation of whole plant ethanol extract of <i>Thesium viride</i> against <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> inoculated into BALB/c mice

“…The leaves are boiled in water as a decoction to treat jaundice and fever and as a laxative for intestinal worms (Belakhdar et al, 2014). The extract and fractions of T. viride have been reported to demonstrate antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antiulcer and protect and improve the liver's antioxidant enzymes against tetrachloromethane (CCl4)-induced liver damage (Kamaruding et al, 2020;Shehu et al, 2016Shehu et al, , 2022. Thesium viride has interesting pharmacological prospects yet to be explore.…”