Identification of cell death-related biomarkers and immune infiltration in ischemic stroke between male and female patients

Abstract

BackgroundStroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke (IS) being the most prevalent. A substantial number of irreversible brain cell death occur in the short term, leading to impairment or death in IS. Limiting the loss of brain cells is the primary therapy target and a significant clinical issue for IS therapy. Our study aims to establish the gender specificity pattern from immune cell infiltration and four kinds of cell-death perspectives to improve IS diagnosis and therapy.MethodsCombining and standardizing two IS datasets (GSE16561 and GSE22255) from the GEO database, we used the CIBERSORT algorithm to investigate and compare the immune cell infiltration in different groups and genders. Then, ferroptosis-related differently expressed genes (FRDEGs), pyroptosis-related DEGs (PRDEGs), anoikis-related DEGs (ARDEGs), and cuproptosis-related DEGs (CRDEGs) between the IS patient group and the healthy control group were identified in men and women, respectively. Machine learning (ML) was finally used to generate the disease prediction model for cell death-related DEGs (CDRDEGs) and to screen biomarkers related to cell death involved in IS.ResultsSignificant changes were observed in 4 types of immune cells in male IS patients and 10 types in female IS patients compared with healthy controls. In total, 10 FRDEGs, 11 PRDEGs, 3 ARDEGs, and 1 CRDEG were present in male IS patients, while 6 FRDEGs, 16 PRDEGs, 4 ARDEGs, and 1 CRDEG existed in female IS patients. ML techniques indicated that the best diagnostic model for both male and female patients was the support vector machine (SVM) for CDRDEG genes. SVM’s feature importance analysis demonstrated that SLC2A3, MMP9, C5AR1, ACSL1, and NLRP3 were the top five feature-important CDRDEGs in male IS patients. Meanwhile, the PDK4, SCL40A1, FAR1, CD163, and CD96 displayed their overwhelming influence on female IS patients.ConclusionThese findings contribute to a better knowledge of immune cell infiltration and their corresponding molecular mechanisms of cell death and offer distinct clinically relevant biological targets for IS patients of different genders.

Potential diagnostic biomarkers for immunogenic cell death in elderly female patients with ischemic stroke: identification and analysis

“…Furthermore, it has been identified as a central gene in intracerebral hemorrhage 29 and a key inflammatory response biomarker 30 . Meanwhile, PDK4 has been proposed as a potential biomarker in patients with renal ischemia 31 and is considered an important gene related to cell death in females with IS 32 . Moreover, the diagnostic value of a model that incorporates eight inflammation-related genes, including PDK4 , for the diagnosis of IS was previously reported 33 .…”

Identification and validation of platelet-related diagnostic markers and potential drug screening in ischemic stroke by integrating comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and machine learning

“…This classification facilitates tailored treatment based on their peripheral blood immune status ( 16 ). Several studies have utilized weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify immune-related genes and cell death-related biomarkers, which play pivotal roles in the progression of IS ( 17 , 18 ). Concurrently, the networks associated with ciRNA, miRNA-mRNA, and neutrophils have been established, shedding light on the pertinent gene biomarkers ( 19 , 20 ).…”