DNA testing for food authentication and quality control requires sensitive species-specific quantification of nuclear DNA from complex and unknown biological sources. We have developed a multiplex assay based on TaqMan® realtime quantitative PCR (qPCR) for species-specific detection and quantification of chicken (Gallus gallus), duck (Anas platyrhynchos), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nuclear DNA. The multiplex assay is able to accurately detect very low quantities of species-specific DNA from single or multispecies sample mixtures; its minimum effective quantification range is 5 to 50 pg of starting DNA material. In addition to its use in food fraudulence cases, we have validated the assay using simulated forensic sample conditions to demonstrate its utility in forensic investigations. Despite treatment with potent inhibitors such as hematin and humic acid, and degradation of template DNA by DNase, the assay was still able to robustly detect and quantify DNA from each of the three poultry species in mixed samples. The efficient species determination and accurate DNA quantification will help reduce fraudulent food labeling and facilitate downstream DNA analysis for genetic identification and traceability. ). The integration of species determination and nuclear DNA quantification into a single assay will streamline downstream genotyping analysis, and improve the quality of the DNA profiles while conserving reagents (Evans et al. 2007;Lindquist et al. 2011;Kanthaswamy et al. 2012). Many of the DNA-based food authentication assays are multiplexed end-point PCR assays (Dalmasso et al. 2004;Zha et al. 2010;Ghovvati et al. 2009;Rodriguez et al. 2003). A majority of these protocols require subsequent steps such as restriction enzyme digestion or gel electrophoresis for species identification after PCR. Endpoint PCR assays with a quantification component have been developed, but amplicon quantities are typically determined using imaging software analysis of fluorescence intensities of electrophoresis gel bands (Soares et al. 2010).Like end-point PCR, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) technology allows multiplexing, and is amenable to detecting multiple DNA targets that allow the simultaneous identification of DNA originating from multiple species. Moreover, the real-time DNA quantification feature of qPCR technology facilitates the efficient and accurate quantification of template DNA. While simplifying data collection and analysis, qPCR's ability to amplify, identify, and quantify in a single step effectively minimizes turnaround time and exposure to contamination and errors ).Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article