Identification of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms by X-ray powder diffractometry

Phadnis, Neelima V.; Cavatur, Raghu K.; Suryanarayanan, Raj

doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01939-5

Cited by 56 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The position of these peaks can be used to infer inter-molecular spacings by a combination of equations 1.1 and 2.1 to give d = 1/2x. The observed d-spacings are in agreement with those found in the literature [17,18].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…As described by Bragg's law, the diffraction can be seen to spread radially from the primary beam position, along lines of constant angle. When an energy window of 8-12 keV is selected, the two expected diffraction rings from the caffeine can be seen [17,18], although rather than two distinct rings, there appears to be a triplet effect on each ring (Figure 3(a)). These additional rings were assumed to be a result of the relatively strong characteristic L-alpha, L-beta and L-gamma tungsten emissions from the X-ray source at energies of 8.34 keV, 9.96 keV and 11.28 keV, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy-windowed, pixellated X-ray diffraction using the Pixirad CdTe detector

et al. 2017

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool for material identification. In order to interpret XRD data, knowledge is required of the scattering angles and energies of X-rays which interact with the sample. By using a pixellated, energy-resolving detector, this knowledge can be gained when using a spectrum of unfiltered X-rays, and without the need to collimate the scattered radiation. Here we present results of XRD measurements taken with the Pixirad detector and a laboratorybased X-ray source. The cadmium telluride sensor allows energy windows to be selected, and the 62 μm pixel pitch enables accurate spatial information to be preserved for XRD measurements, in addition to the ability to take high resolution radiographic images. Diffraction data are presented for a variety of samples to demonstrate the capability of the technique for materials discrimination in laboratory, security and pharmaceutical environments. Distinct diffraction patterns were obtained, from which details on the molecular structures of the items under study were determined.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-windowed, pixellated X-ray diffraction using the Pixirad CdTe detector

et al. 2017

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“…7,8 Recently, X-ray powder diffraction has also been found useful in elucidating the structures and in the identification of natural products, 9 analgesics, 10,11 amines 12,13 and antibiotics. [14][15][16] Also, it has become one of the most powerful tools in forensic analysis. 17,18 As is true with all analytical procedures, XRD is most powerful when used in conjunction with other techniques, such as emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and chemical analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns for Certain β-Lactam, Tetracycline and Macrolide Antibiotic Drugs

Thangadurai¹,

Abraham

Srivastava

et al. 2005

ANAL. SCI.

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X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data for eight β-lactam viz., ampicillin sodium, ampicillin trihydrate, penicillin G procaine, benzathine penicillin, benzyl penicillin sodium, cefalexin, cefotaxime sodium and ceftriaxone sodium; three tetracyclines viz., doxycycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline dihydrate and tetracycline hydrochloride; and two macrolide viz., azithromycin and erythromycin estolate antibiotic drugs were obtained using a powder diffractometer. The drugs were scanned from Bragg angles (2θ) of 10˚ to 70˚. The obtained data were tabulated in terms of the lattice spacing (Å) and relative line intensities (I/II). This new information may be useful for identifying these drugs from confiscated materials, which has been frequently encountered in forensic laboratories.

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“…Furthermore, the weight fraction of the measured compound, i.e. the mass ratio of the component to the total mixture, has been shown to be a limitation for XRD measurements (Phadnis et al, 1997). It has been demonstrated that a background subtraction approach can enhance the limits for the identification of separate substances in a complex mixture.…”

Section: X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%