Identification of Flavonoid Compounds by Filter Paper Chromatography

Gage, Thomas B.; Douglass, Carl D.; Wender, Simon H.

doi:10.1021/ac60059a018

Cited by 100 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Fluorescence of compound F but not compound D was quenched when sprayed with Benedict's reagent, indicating the presence of an ortho dihydroxylation (21). Compounds A, D, E, and F exhibited yellow fluorescence when sprayed with alcoholic AICl3, indicating that these compounds were flavonoids (20).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoalexin synthesis by the sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi

Nicholson

Kollipara²,

Vincent³

et al. 1987

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

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Infection of the sorghum mesocotyl by Helminthosporium maydis (a nonpathogen) and Colletotrichum graminicola (a pathogen) resulted in the rapid accumulation of a pigment complex by two sorghum cultivars. The components of the complex were fungitoxic. The principal compounds have been identified as the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins apigeninidin and luteolinidin. Apigeninidin accumulated in both sorghum cultivars in response to infection and was the predominant pigment. Luteolinidin accumulated in only one of the cultivars. Because of the speed of synthesis, occurrence only in response to inoculation, and fungitoxicity of the individual components, we propose that synthesis of the pigment complex constitutes a defense response and that the compounds apigeninidin and luteolinidin should be considered as phytoalexins.With the exception of the momilactones from rice (1, 2) and the avenalumins from oat (3, 4), phytoalexins have not been identified in members of the Gramineae. In grain sorghum and other sorghum species the cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin is a potential microbial toxicant but is best considered an insect feeding deterrent and phytotoxin rather than a stress metabolite (5-7). Dhurrin, present in relatively high concentration in uninfected tissue, does not increase following microbial infection (8, 9) and the dhurrin content of tissue decreases with maturation (10).The situation in sorghum is further complicated by the fact that seedling leaves exhibit few if any symptoms when inoculated with various fungi. Probably the most pronounced example of this phenomenon is foliar anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. In this disease both resistant and susceptible cultivars are resistant in the seedling stage and plants must be about 5 weeks old before they will exhibit symptoms in response to inoculation (11). Such observations have led to the assumption that seedling resistance is the result of the presence of dhurrin (11). However, Fry and coworkers (8,9,12,13) have demonstrated that fungal pathogens of cyanogenic plants produce formamide hydrolyase, which detoxifies hydrogen cyanide, the toxic breakdown product of dhurrin, by converting it to formamide. Therefore, that dhurrin has a role in seedling resistance, either to pathogens or to nonpathogens, is not yet clear.The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether resistance in sorghum is associated with the accumulation of previously undetected toxic host metabolites. We describe the rapid accumulation of phytoalexins in the sorghum mesocotyl as a response to attempted infection by a speciespathogenic and a species-nonpathogenic fungus. MATERIALS AND METHODSPathogens, Plant Material, and Inoculation. The fungi Helminthosporium maydis Nisik. and Miy., race 0, and Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. were grown and spore suspensions were prepared for inoculum as described (14,15). Inoculum concentrations were 5 x i04 spores per ml for H. maydis and 106 spores per ml for C. graminicola.Tween 20 was used as a wetting agent (100 tkl per 100 ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoalexin synthesis by the sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi

Nicholson

Kollipara²,

Vincent³

et al. 1987

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

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“…For methyl jasmonate elicitation, a 6-day-old culture was diluted 10-fold in fresh medium without growth regulators and grown for 12 h. Subsequently, methyl jasmonate (Duchefa, Haarlem, The Netherlands) at a final concentration of 50 M was added to the culture, or an equivalent amount of DMSO (the solvent of methyl jasmonate) as a control. For the transcript profiling analysis, samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h after jasmonate addition or at 0, 4,8,12,24, and 48 h after DMSO addition. For metabolic analysis, samples were taken at 0, 12,16,20,24,36,48, and 98 h, either after jasmonate or DMSO addition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the transcript profiling analysis, samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h after jasmonate addition or at 0, 4,8,12,24, and 48 h after DMSO addition. For metabolic analysis, samples were taken at 0, 12,16,20,24,36,48, and 98 h, either after jasmonate or DMSO addition. Before further analysis, cells were washed, vacuum-filtered, and lyophilized.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional genomics approach toward the understanding of secondary metabolism in plant cells

Goossens

Häkkinen

Laakso

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

371

244

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Despite the tremendous importance of secondary metabolites for humans as for the plant itself, plant secondary metabolism remains poorly characterized. Here, we present an experimental approach, based on functional genomics, to facilitate gene discovery in plant secondary metabolism. Targeted metabolite analysis was combined with cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism-based transcript profiling of jasmonate-elicited tobacco Bright yellow 2 cells. Transcriptome analysis suggested an extensive jasmonatemediated genetic reprogramming of metabolism, which correlated well with the observed shifts in the biosynthesis of the metabolites investigated. This method, which in addition to transcriptome data also generates gene tags, in the future might lead to the creation of novel tools for metabolic engineering of medicinal plant systems in general. P lants are capable of synthesizing an overwhelming variety of low-molecular-weight organic compounds called secondary metabolites, usually with unique and complex structures. Presently, Ϸ100,000 such compounds have been isolated from higher plants (1). Numerous plant secondary metabolites possess interesting biological activities and find applications, such as pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyes, flavors, and fragrances. Although secondary metabolism offers attractive targets for plant breeding, the enormous biosynthetic potential of plant cells is still not being exploited. In sharp contrast, metabolism of microorganisms has been successfully engineered for increased production of pharmaceuticals or novel compounds (2, 3). Despite a few decades of research, plant secondary metabolism remains poorly characterized (4). Genetic maps of biosynthetic pathways are still far from complete, whereas knowledge on the regulation of these pathways is practically nonexistent. However, such knowledge is of crucial importance to bypass the low product yield of various secondary metabolites in plants or plant cell cultures.Functional genomics approaches are powerful tools to accelerate comprehensive investigations of cellular metabolism in specialized tissues or whole organisms (5). Yet, related to plant secondary metabolism, only a few reports have been published on such studies, which include the use of comparative quantitative trait loci mapping (6), 2D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics (7), or transcript analysis tools, such as differential display (8, 9), EST databases (10-12), and microarrays (13,14). Nevertheless, still little is known about the genetics that control quantitatively and qualitatively natural variation in secondary metabolism.Because of the lack of extensive genomic data for the vast majority of medicinal plants, it is difficult to use the commonly used microarray-based approach for transcriptome analysis in these plant systems. Such an approach requires prior development of large EST or cDNA clone collections (13,14). As such, the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology (15-17) offers an attractive alternative to identify genes involved i...

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“…The chromatograms were evaluated under UV light at 254 and 365 nm to detect the target compounds. To detect flavonoid compounds, the TLC plate was also sprayed with a 1% AlCl 3 solution and monitored under UV light at 365 nm 25 . In the aqueous extracts, phenolic compounds were detected with 20% Na 2 CO 3 solution and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent 26 because no flavonoid compounds were detected in these extracts.…”

Section: Tlc Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Authentication of the Thai medicinal plants sharing the same common name Rang Chuet: Thunbergia laurifolia, Crotalaria spectabilis, and Curcuma aff. amada by combined techniques of TLC, PCR-RFLP fingerprints, and antioxidant activities

Suwanchaikasem¹,

Phadungcharoen²,

Sukrong³

2013

ScienceAsia

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Identification of Flavonoid Compounds by Filter Paper Chromatography

Cited by 100 publications

References 6 publications

Phytoalexin synthesis by the sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi

Phytoalexin synthesis by the sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi

A functional genomics approach toward the understanding of secondary metabolism in plant cells

Authentication of the Thai medicinal plants sharing the same common name Rang Chuet: Thunbergia laurifolia, Crotalaria spectabilis, and Curcuma aff. amada by combined techniques of TLC, PCR-RFLP fingerprints, and antioxidant activities

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